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Californium vs Hafnium

Californium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf  
Hf  
Group Number
3  
15
4  
14
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440713  
20
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1950  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
900.00 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
1,800.00 MPa  
7
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cf  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV  
15
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
98  
20
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98  
20
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
153  
10
106  
30
Number of Electrons
98  
20
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
186.00 pm  
21
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu  
17
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)  
39
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3  
21
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.10 g/cm3  
22
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.00 GPa  
29
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
40.00 GPa  
38
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10  
24
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
900.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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