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Californium vs Holmium

Californium
Holmium
Holmium vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf   
Ho   
Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   
Period Number
7   
6   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440713   
20
7440600   
29
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
  • Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Marc Delafontaine   
Discovery
In 1950   
In 1878   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
5 * 10-8 %   
27
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
38
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
  • Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
Not Available   
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
900.00 °C   
99+
1,461.00 °C   
30
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C   
99+
2,600.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
746.00 MPa   
13
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
481.00 MPa   
23
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,760.00 m/s   
30
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cf   
Ho   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20   
19
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.23   
37
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.10   
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.77   
17
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
581.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,140.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,204.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,100.00 kJ/mol   
34
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
2.02 g/amp-hr   
29
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
98   
20
67   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
[Xe] 4f11 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98   
20
67   
99+
Number of Neutrons
153   
9
98   
34
Number of Electrons
98   
20
67   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm   
9
176.00 pm   
18
Covalent Radius
Not Available   
192.00 pm   
17
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
216.00 pm   
24
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu   
17
164.93 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
Not Available   
18.70 cm3/mol   
24
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Dysprosium
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Erbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)   
38
47.90 (-eV)   
31
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm   
99+
357.73 pm   
38
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.57   
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3   
21
8.79 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
8.34 g/cm3   
26
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
16
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
26.30 GPa   
28
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
40.20 GPa   
32
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
64.80 GPa   
31
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.23   
29
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10   
13
8.80   
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Unknown   
Conductor   
Resistivity
Not Available   
814.00 nΩ·m   
4
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available   
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
27.15 J/mol·K   
19
Thermal Conductivity
Not Available   
16.20 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
11.20 µm/(m·K)   
35
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
241.00 kJ/mol   
38
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available   
11.76 kJ/mol   
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available   
301.00 kJ/mol   
36
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
75.30 J/mol.K   
8
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