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Californium vs Nobelium

Californium
Nobelium
Nobelium vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf  
No  
Group Number
3  
15
3  
15
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440713  
20
10028145  
16
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • The most stable isotope of Nobelium metal is No-259.
  • No-259 has a half-life of fifty-eight minutes.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
Bombarding Curium-246 or Curium-249 with Carbon-12 Nuclei, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1950  
In 1966  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
38
-  
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • Currently known uses of Nobelium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
900.00 °C  
99+
827.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C  
99+
2,600.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
-  
Luster
-  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
-  
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
500.00 MPa  
28
Vickers Hardness
1,800.00 MPa  
7
500.00 MPa  
35
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
1,100.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cf  
No  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.10  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
642.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,254.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,643.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,956.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
35
6th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,420.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
8
13th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
36
14th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
26
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
36
16th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
27
17th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
641.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
917.00 kJ/mol  
34
22nd Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
627.00 kJ/mol  
36
23rd Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
6,410.00 kJ/mol  
12
24th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
39
25th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.20 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
641.00 kJ/mol  
37
28th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
641.60 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
641.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
4.83 g/amp-hr  
4
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV  
15
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
98  
20
102  
16
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
[Rn] 5f14 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Not Known  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Nobelium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98  
20
102  
16
Number of Neutrons
153  
10
157  
8
Number of Electrons
98  
20
102  
16
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
186.00 pm  
21
157.00 pm  
33
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
246.00 pm  
12
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu  
17
259.00 amu  
13
Atomic Volume
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
19.80 cm3/mol  
33
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Mendelevium
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Lawrencium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)  
39
26.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm  
99+
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.76  
5
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3  
21
9.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.10 g/cm3  
22
9.90 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
80.00 MPa  
29
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
28
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.00 GPa  
29
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
40.00 GPa  
38
8.70 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
12.30 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10  
24
9.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
3
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
-  
Resistivity
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
0.68 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
0.10 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
900.00 K  
99+
1,100.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
390.40 kJ/mol  
30
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
63.00 J/mol.K  
24
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