Californium

Zinc

Californium Zinc Comparison

Californium

Zinc

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

NA12

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

f block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Actinide

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74407137440666

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.

Californium metal is the heaviest metal.

Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.

2.2 Sources

Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Indian metallurgists

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1950

Before 1000 BCE

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

NA3 * 10^-5 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~-9999 %~0.0002 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

NA0.02 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

NA0.01 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

NA0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NA0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.

It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry

Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Pharmaceutical Industry

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Nuclear Research

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

Highly Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-37.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.170.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

900.00 °C419.58 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

1,470.00 °C907.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silver

Silvery Gray

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

3.002.50

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

NA327.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NANA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

NA3,850.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NA1.00

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NA80.00 %

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2025

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.301.65

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA2.23

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.201.66

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NA1.65

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

NA1.59

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.702.35

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

608.00 kJ/mol906.40 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,206.00 kJ/mol1,733.30 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,267.00 kJ/mol3,833.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

1.1.2 4th Energy Level

3,599.00 kJ/mol5,731.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

1.1.4 5th Energy Level

NA7,970.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

1.2.1 6th Energy Level

NA10,400.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

1.2.2 7th Energy level

NA12,900.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

1.3.1 8th Energy Level

NA16,800.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

1.4.2 9th Energy Level

NA19,600.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

1.4.3 10th Energy Level

NA23,000.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

1.5.2 11th Energy Level

NA26,400.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

1.5.4 12th Energy Level

NA29,990.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

1.5.6 13th Energy Level

NA40,490.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

1.5.7 14th Energy Level

NA43,800.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

1.6.1 15th Energy Level

NA47,300.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

1.6.2 16th Energy Level

NA52,300.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

1.7.1 17th Energy Level

NA55,900.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

1.7.2 18th Energy Level

NA59,700.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

1.7.3 19th Energy Level

NA67,300.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

1.7.4 20th Energy Level

NA171,200.00 kJ/mol

80400 171200

1.7.5 21st Energy Level

NA179,100.00 kJ/mol

87000 179100

1.7.6 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

1.7.7 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

1.7.8 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

1.7.9 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

1.7.10 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

1.7.11 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

1.7.12 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

1.7.13 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

1.7.14 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

1.8 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.12 g/amp-hr1.22 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

1.9 Electron Work Function

NA4.33 eV

2.14 5.65

1.10 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility

Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

2 Atomic

2.1 Atomic Number

9830

3 117

2.2 Electron Configuration

[Rn] 5f¹⁰ 7s²

[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s²

2.3 Crystal Structure

Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

2.3.1 Crystal Lattice

2.4 Atom

2.4.1 Number of Protons

9830

3 117

2.4.2 Number of Neutrons

15335

4 184

2.4.3 Number of Electrons

9830

3 117

2.5 Radius of an Atom

2.5.1 Atomic Radius

186.00 pm134.00 pm

112 265

2.5.2 Covalent Radius

NA122.00 pm

96 260

2.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

NA139.00 pm

139 348

2.6 Atomic Weight

251.00 amu65.38 amu

6.94 294

2.7 Atomic Volume

NA9.20 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

2.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

2.8.1 Previous Element

2.8.2 Next Element

2.9 Valence Electron Potential

44.50 (-eV)38.90 (-eV)

8 392.42

2.10 Lattice Constant

338.00 pm266.49 pm

228.58 891.25

2.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

2.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

3 Mechanical

3.1 Density

3.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

15.10 g/cm³7.14 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

3.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

NA6.57 g/cm3

0.512 20

3.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

3.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

3.4 Vapor Pressure

3.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

3.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NANA

2.62E-10 774

3.5 Elasticity properties

3.5.1 Shear Modulus

NA43.00 GPa

1.3 222

3.5.2 Bulk Modulus

NA70.00 GPa

1.6 462

3.5.3 Young's Modulus

NA108.00 GPa

1.7 528

3.6 Poisson Ratio

NA0.25

0.032 0.47

3.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Malleable, Sectile

4 Magnetic

4.1 Magnetic Characteristics

4.1.1 Specific Gravity

15.106.90

0.53 4500

4.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Diamagnetic

4.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

4.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

4.2 Electrical Properties

4.2.1 Electrical Property

Unknown

Conductor

4.2.2 Resistivity

NA59.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

4.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

NA0.17 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

4.2.4 Electron Affinity

NA0.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

5 Thermal

5.1 Specific Heat

NA0.39 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

5.2 Molar Heat Capacity

NA25.47 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

5.3 Thermal Conductivity

NA116.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

5.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

5.5 Thermal Expansion

NA30.20 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

5.6 Enthalpy

5.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

NA7.32 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

5.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

NA7.32 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

5.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

NA129.70 kJ/mol

61.5 837

5.7 Standard Molar Entropy

NA41.60 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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