Symbol
Re
  
Nb
  
Period Number
6
  
5
  
Block
d block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
Im_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Chemical properties of Rhenium are similar to Manganese.
- Rhenium metal is created while refining Molybdenum.
  
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Masataka Ogawa
  
Charles Hatchett
  
Discovery
In 1908
  
In 1801
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000001 %
  
29
~0.0000004 %
  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- Alloys of Rhenium are used as an electric contact material. It can resist withstand arc corrosion.
- Its catalysts are used in hydrogenation of fine chemicals. Its Alloy with nickel is used to produce turbine blades.
  
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic
  
Low Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
No
  
Yes
  
In Blood
Not Available
  
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
  
25
In Bone
Not Available
  
0.07 p.p.m.
  
25
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery Gray
  
Gray
  
Luster
Metallic
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
1,320.00 MPa
  
8
Vickers Hardness
1,350.00 MPa
  
7
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s
  
15
3,480.00 m/s
  
21
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Re
  
Nb
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol
  
20
652.10 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,260.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,510.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,640.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3,700.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available
  
4,877.00 kJ/mol
  
36
6th Energy Level
Not Available
  
9,847.00 kJ/mol
  
11
7th Energy level
Not Available
  
12,100.00 kJ/mol
  
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.99 g/amp-hr
  
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2
  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
8.85 cm3/mol
  
99+
10.87 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
180.00 (-eV)
  
3
104.00 (-eV)
  
8
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
21.02 g/cm3
  
12
8.57 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
  
Tensile Strength
1,070.00 MPa
  
3
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
Ductile, Malleable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
193.00 nΩ·m
  
20
152.00 nΩ·m
  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω
  
33
0.07 106/cm Ω
  
28
Electron Affinity
14.50 kJ/mol
  
35
86.10 kJ/mol
  
12
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
  
39
0.26 J/(kg K)
  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
25.48 J/mol·K
  
38
24.60 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
48.00 W/m·K
  
31
53.70 W/m·K
  
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
6.20 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
7.30 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
707.10 kJ/mol
  
3
696.60 kJ/mol
  
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
33.05 kJ/mol
  
2
27.20 kJ/mol
  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
791.00 kJ/mol
  
2
745.00 kJ/mol
  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
36.90 J/mol.K
  
99+
36.40 J/mol.K
  
99+