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Rhenium vs Californium

Rhenium
Californium
Californium vs Rhenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Re  
Cf  
Group Number
7  
11
3  
15
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440155  
99+
7440713  
20
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chemical properties of Rhenium are similar to Manganese.
  • Rhenium metal is created while refining Molybdenum.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Masataka Ogawa  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1908  
In 1950  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
29
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Alloys of Rhenium are used as an electric contact material. It can resist withstand arc corrosion.
  • Its catalysts are used in hydrogenation of fine chemicals. Its Alloy with nickel is used to produce turbine blades.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
3,180.00 °C  
2
900.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,627.00 °C  
2
1,470.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
7.00  
3
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
1,320.00 MPa  
8
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,350.00 MPa  
12
1,800.00 MPa  
7
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s  
19
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Re  
Cf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
20  
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90  
12
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.90  
13
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.90  
13
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.60  
24
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
20
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,260.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,510.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
20
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
37
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
31
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,560.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,560.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
31
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
30
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
13th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
23
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
20
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
15th Energy Level
76,000.00 kJ/mol  
20
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
16th Energy Level
76,000.00 kJ/mol  
15
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
17th Energy Level
760.10 kJ/mol  
36
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
26
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
33
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
27
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
22nd Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
21
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
23rd Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
24th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
18
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
18
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
18
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
17
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
23
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
24
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
18
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.99 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
Electron Work Function
4.96 eV  
11
4.70 eV  
15
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
75  
99+
98  
20
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2  
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
75  
40
98  
20
Number of Neutrons
111  
27
153  
10
Number of Electrons
75  
40
98  
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm  
99+
186.00 pm  
11
Covalent Radius
151.00 pm  
36
186.00 pm  
21
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
186.21 amu  
36
251.00 amu  
17
Atomic Volume
8.85 cm3/mol  
99+
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Tungsten
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Osmium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
180.00 (-eV)  
3
44.50 (-eV)  
39
Lattice Constant
276.10 pm  
99+
338.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.62  
17
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
21.02 g/cm3  
12
15.10 g/cm3  
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
18.90 g/cm3  
14
15.10 g/cm3  
22
Tensile Strength
1,070.00 MPa  
3
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
40
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
178.00 GPa  
3
29.00 GPa  
29
Bulk Modulus
370.00 GPa  
2
40.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
463.00 GPa  
2
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Malleable, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
21.02  
14
15.10  
24
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
26
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
193.00 nΩ·m  
20
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
38
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
Electron Affinity
14.50 kJ/mol  
99+
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.48 J/mol·K  
99+
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
Thermal Conductivity
48.00 W/m·K  
31
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
3,459.00 K  
2
900.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
6.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
707.10 kJ/mol  
4
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
33.05 kJ/mol  
2
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
Enthalpy of Atomization
791.00 kJ/mol  
2
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
36.90 J/mol.K  
99+
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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