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Ruthenium Hafnium Comparison

Ruthenium
Hafnium
Hafnium Ruthenium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru   
Hf   
Group Number
8   
10
4   
14
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440188   
99+
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
In 1844   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %   
20
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %   
22
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
26
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C   
8
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C   
14
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50   
5
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa   
3
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s   
4
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.54   
25
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV   
9
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44   
99+
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44   
99+
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
57   
99+
106   
29
Number of Electrons
44   
99+
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu   
99+
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm   
99+
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
11
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3   
27
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3   
16
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa   
4
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa   
7
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa   
3
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45   
19
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K   
13
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
Summary >>
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