Symbol
Ru
Group Number
8
Rank: 10 (Overall)
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
5
Rank: 3 (Overall)
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440188
Rank: 61 (Overall)
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
Rank: 7 (Overall)
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Discovery
In 1844
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %
Rank: 21 (Overall)
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %
Rank: 22 (Overall)
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
Rank: 26 (Overall)
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
Rank: 54 (Overall)
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
Rank: 38 (Overall)
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
Rank: 24 (Overall)
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
60% - Transition Metals Metals
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 37 (Overall)
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
Rank: 41 (Overall)
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C
Rank: 8 (Overall)
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C
Rank: 14 (Overall)
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.50
Rank: 5 (Overall)
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa
Rank: 3 (Overall)
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa
Rank: 14 (Overall)
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s
Rank: 7 (Overall)
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
2.60
Rank: 4 (Overall)
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
6.00 %
Rank: 38 (Overall)
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
6% - Transition Metals Metals
α Allotropes
-
β Allotropes
-
γ Allotropes
-
Chemical Formula
Ru
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
Rank: 13 (Overall)
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20
Rank: 5 (Overall)
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20
Rank: 8 (Overall)
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42
Rank: 19 (Overall)
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20
Rank: 6 (Overall)
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.54
Rank: 28 (Overall)
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80
Rank: 50 (Overall)
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol
Rank: 32 (Overall)
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol
Rank: 84 (Overall)
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 38 (Overall)
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 12 (Overall)
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 27 (Overall)
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 42 (Overall)
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 37 (Overall)
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 78 (Overall)
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 62 (Overall)
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 35 (Overall)
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 32 (Overall)
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 50 (Overall)
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 29 (Overall)
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 80 (Overall)
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 25 (Overall)
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 21 (Overall)
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol
Rank: 41 (Overall)
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 31 (Overall)
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol
Rank: 38 (Overall)
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 32 (Overall)
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol
Rank: 50 (Overall)
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 26 (Overall)
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol
Rank: 51 (Overall)
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol
Rank: 25 (Overall)
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 26 (Overall)
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol
Rank: 25 (Overall)
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol
Rank: 25 (Overall)
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol
Rank: 30 (Overall)
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol
Rank: 31 (Overall)
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 25 (Overall)
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr
Rank: 55 (Overall)
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV
Rank: 14 (Overall)
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Number
44
Rank: 68 (Overall)
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
44
Rank: 67 (Overall)
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
57
Rank: 51 (Overall)
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
44
Rank: 67 (Overall)
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm
Rank: 45 (Overall)
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm
Rank: 40 (Overall)
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
Rank: 35 (Overall)
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu
Rank: 62 (Overall)
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol
Rank: 77 (Overall)
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)
Rank: 22 (Overall)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm
Rank: 74 (Overall)
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
Rank: 33 (Overall)
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3
Rank: 29 (Overall)
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3
Rank: 37 (Overall)
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa
Rank: 38 (Overall)
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.00
Rank: 25 (Overall)
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 37 (Overall)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 23 (Overall)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa
Rank: 4 (Overall)
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa
Rank: 7 (Overall)
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa
Rank: 3 (Overall)
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.30
Rank: 14 (Overall)
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.45
Rank: 31 (Overall)
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m
Rank: 17 (Overall)
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.00
Rank: 24 (Overall)
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m
Rank: 38 (Overall)
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω
Rank: 18 (Overall)
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol
Rank: 11 (Overall)
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
Rank: 24 (Overall)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K
Rank: 63 (Overall)
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K
Rank: 13 (Overall)
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K
Rank: 9 (Overall)
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 66 (Overall)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol
Rank: 13 (Overall)
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 10 (Overall)
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K
Rank: 71 (Overall)
9.5
198.1
👆🏻