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Gold
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Au Element
Gold Electron Configuration Gold Metal Gold Crystal Structure
Gold
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Periodic Table

Symbol

Au

Group Number

11
Rank: 7 (Overall)
0 17
👆🏻

Period Number

6
Rank: 2 (Overall)
2 7
👆🏻

Block

d block

Element Family

Transition Metal

CAS Number

7440575
Rank: 31 (Overall)
7429905 54386242
👆🏻

Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

Space Group Number

225.00
Rank: 3 (Overall)
11 276
👆🏻

Facts

Interesting Facts

  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.

Sources

Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals

History

Who Discovered

-

Discovery

Before 6000 BCE

Abundance

Abundance In Universe

0.00 %
Rank: 27 (Overall)
0 0.11
👆🏻

Abundance In Sun

0.00 %
Rank: 26 (Overall)
0 0.1
👆🏻

Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %
Rank: 52 (Overall)
0 22
👆🏻

Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %
Rank: 50 (Overall)
1E-37 8.1
👆🏻

Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %
Rank: 21 (Overall)
0 1.1
👆🏻

Abundance In Humans

0.00 %
Rank: 21 (Overall)
0 1.4
👆🏻

Uses

Uses & Benefits

  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.

Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Medical Uses

Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry

Other Uses

Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

Biological Properties

Toxicity

Non Toxic

Present in Human Body

✔ ✘
60% - Transition Metals Metals have it !

In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 38 (Overall)
0 1970
👆🏻

In Bone

0.02 p.p.m.
Rank: 35 (Overall)
0 170000
👆🏻

Physical

Melting Point

1,064.43 °C
Rank: 42 (Overall)
-38.83 3410
👆🏻

Boiling Point

2,807.00 °C
Rank: 37 (Overall)
0 5660
👆🏻

Appearance

Physical State

Solid

Color

Gold

Luster

Metallic

Hardness

Mohs Hardness

2.50
Rank: 15 (Overall)
0.2 8.5
👆🏻

Brinell Hardness

194.00 MPa
Rank: 52 (Overall)
0.14 3490
👆🏻

Vickers Hardness

216.00 MPa
Rank: 51 (Overall)
0 3920
👆🏻

Speed of Sound

2,030.00 m/s
Rank: 61 (Overall)
818 16200
👆🏻

Optical Properties

Refractive Index

0.47
Rank: 50 (Overall)
0.155 3.41
👆🏻

Reflectivity

95.00 %
Rank: 2 (Overall)
5 97
👆🏻

Allotropes

✔ ✘
6% - Transition Metals Metals

α Allotropes

-

β Allotropes

-

γ Allotropes

-

Chemical

Chemical Formula

Au

Isotopes

Known Isotopes

36
Rank: 3 (Overall)
0 38
👆🏻

Electronegativity

Pauling Electronegativity

2.54
Rank: 2 (Overall)
0 2.6
👆🏻

Sanderson Electronegativity

1.50
Rank: 18 (Overall)
0.22 2.56
👆🏻

Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.42
Rank: 19 (Overall)
0.86 1.9
👆🏻

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.87
Rank: 15 (Overall)
0.62 2.48
👆🏻

Allen Electronegativity

1.92
Rank: 7 (Overall)
0.659 2.7
👆🏻

Electropositivity

Pauling Electropositivity

1.46
Rank: 54 (Overall)
1.46 3.3
👆🏻

Ionization Energies

1st Energy Level

890.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 8 (Overall)
375.7 26130
👆🏻

2nd Energy Level

1,980.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 12 (Overall)
392.8 28750
👆🏻

3rd Energy Level

2,856.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 33 (Overall)
392.8 34230
👆🏻

4th Energy Level

890.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 79 (Overall)
375.7 37066
👆🏻

5th Energy Level

8,901.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
392 97510
👆🏻

6th Energy Level

8,901.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 24 (Overall)
1007 105800
👆🏻

7th Energy level

8,901.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 21 (Overall)
1007 114300
👆🏻

8th Energy Level

8,900.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 20 (Overall)
730 125300
👆🏻

9th Energy Level

8,901.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 20 (Overall)
1007 134700
👆🏻

10th Energy Level

8,901.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 21 (Overall)
392 144300
👆🏻

11th Energy Level

8,901.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 19 (Overall)
392 169988
👆🏻

12th Energy Level

8,900.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 39 (Overall)
0 189368
👆🏻

13th Energy Level

8,900.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 14 (Overall)
1007 76015
👆🏻

14th Energy Level

890.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 72 (Overall)
380 86450
👆🏻

15th Energy Level

89,000.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
33000 100700
👆🏻

16th Energy Level

890.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 73 (Overall)
375.7 109480
👆🏻

17th Energy Level

890.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 25 (Overall)
375.7 122200
👆🏻

18th Energy Level

8,901.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 14 (Overall)
0 134810
👆🏻

19th Energy Level

890.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 23 (Overall)
375.7 148700
👆🏻

20th Energy Level

890.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 13 (Overall)
0 171200
👆🏻

21st Energy Level

890.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 35 (Overall)
375.7 179100
👆🏻

22nd Energy Level

890.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 11 (Overall)
330 184900
👆🏻

23rd Energy Level

890.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 38 (Overall)
357.6 198800
👆🏻

24th Energy Level

890.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
297.3 195200
👆🏻

25th Energy Level

890.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 5 (Overall)
0 121900
👆🏻

26th Energy Level

890.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 5 (Overall)
357.6 127700
👆🏻

27th Energy Level

890.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 4 (Overall)
0 133800
👆🏻

28th Energy Level

890.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
297.3 139800
👆🏻

29th Energy Level

890.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 8 (Overall)
0 148100
👆🏻

30th Energy Level

890.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 5 (Overall)
0 154500
👆🏻

Electrochemical Equivalent

2.45 g/amp-hr
Rank: 25 (Overall)
0.16812 8.3209
👆🏻

Electron Work Function

5.10 eV
Rank: 8 (Overall)
2.14 6
👆🏻

Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility

Atomic

Atomic Number

79
Rank: 37 (Overall)
3 117
👆🏻

Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1

Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Crystal Lattice

Atom

Number of Protons

79
Rank: 37 (Overall)
3 117
👆🏻

Number of Neutrons

118
Rank: 24 (Overall)
4 285
👆🏻

Number of Electrons

79
Rank: 37 (Overall)
3 117
👆🏻

Radius of an Atom

Atomic Radius

151.00 pm
Rank: 34 (Overall)
0 348
👆🏻

Covalent Radius

144.00 pm
Rank: 42 (Overall)
0 260
👆🏻

Van der Waals Radius

166.00 pm
Rank: 46 (Overall)
0 348
👆🏻

Atomic Weight

196.97 amu
Rank: 33 (Overall)
6.94 294
👆🏻

Atomic Volume

10.20 cm3/mol
Rank: 66 (Overall)
1.39 71.07
👆🏻

Adjacent Atomic Numbers

Previous Element

Next Element

Valence Electron Potential

43.40 (-eV)
Rank: 42 (Overall)
0 392.42
👆🏻

Lattice Constant

407.82 pm
Rank: 24 (Overall)
0 891.25
👆🏻

Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

Lattice C/A Ratio

1.61
Rank: 18 (Overall)
0.423 1.9
👆🏻

Mechanical

Density

Density At Room Temperature

19.30 g/cm3
Rank: 15 (Overall)
0.534 40.7
👆🏻

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

17.31 g/cm3
Rank: 16 (Overall)
0.512 41
👆🏻

Tensile Strength

120.00 MPa
Rank: 27 (Overall)
0.1 11000
👆🏻

Viscosity

0.00
Rank: 23 (Overall)
1.5E-05 0.0035
👆🏻

Vapor Pressure

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 25 (Overall)
0 121
👆🏻

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

67.00 (Pa)
Rank: 4 (Overall)
0 774
👆🏻

Elasticity properties

Shear Modulus

27.00 GPa
Rank: 34 (Overall)
1.3 222
👆🏻

Bulk Modulus

180.00 GPa
Rank: 9 (Overall)
0 462
👆🏻

Young's Modulus

79.00 GPa
Rank: 26 (Overall)
0 528
👆🏻

Poisson Ratio

0.40
Rank: 4 (Overall)
0.032 0.47
👆🏻

Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

Magnetic

Magnetic Characteristics

Specific Gravity

19.32
Rank: 17 (Overall)
0.53 4500
👆🏻

Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Permeability

0.00 H/m
Rank: 10 (Overall)
1.25643E-06 0.0063
👆🏻

Susceptibility

0.00
Rank: 22 (Overall)
-0.000166 200000
👆🏻

Electrical Properties

Electrical Property

Conductor

Resistivity

2.20 nΩ·m
Rank: 65 (Overall)
0.1 961
👆🏻

Electrical Conductivity

0.45 106/cm Ω
Rank: 3 (Overall)
0 0.63
👆🏻

Electron Affinity

222.80 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
0 222.8
👆🏻

Thermal

Specific Heat

0.13 J/(kg K)
Rank: 40 (Overall)
0.1 3.6
👆🏻

Molar Heat Capacity

25.42 J/mol·K
Rank: 49 (Overall)
13.1 62.7
👆🏻

Thermal Conductivity

318.00 W/m·K
Rank: 3 (Overall)
0 429
👆🏻

Critical Temperature

1,337.00 K
Rank: 46 (Overall)
26.3 3695
👆🏻

Thermal Expansion

14.20 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 29 (Overall)
4.5 97
👆🏻

Enthalpy

Enthalpy of Vaporization

324.40 kJ/mol
Rank: 42 (Overall)
7.32 799.1
👆🏻

Enthalpy of Fusion

12.55 kJ/mol
Rank: 33 (Overall)
2.1 35.23
👆🏻

Enthalpy of Atomization

364.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 34 (Overall)
61.5 837
👆🏻

Standard Molar Entropy

47.40 J/mol.K
Rank: 44 (Overall)
9.5 198.1
👆🏻

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