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Chromium
Chromium




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What is Chromium?

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

Cr

1.2 Group Number

6
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Gadolinium
0 17

1.3 Period Number

4
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Lithium
2 7

1.4 Block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

7440473
Rank: 39 (Overall)
Aluminium
7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Im_ 3m

1.8 Space Group Number

229.00
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Plutonium
11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.

2.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Louis Nicolas Vauquelin

2.3.2 Discovery

In Between 1797 - 1798

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

1.5 * 10-3 %
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Thallium
5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.002 %
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.30 %
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Gold
1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.01 %
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Radium
1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

NA

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Highly Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

60% - Transition Metals Metals have it !

3.2.3 In Blood

0.11 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Plutonium
0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.33 p.p.m.
Rank: 21 (Overall)
Plutonium
0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,857.00 °C
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Francium
27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,672.00 °C
Rank: 39 (Overall)
Flerovium
147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

8.50
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Cesium
0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

687.00 MPa
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Cesium
0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

1,060.00 MPa
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Palladium
121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

5,940.00 m/s
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Thallium
818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
58 97

4.7 Allotropes

6% - Transition Metals Metals have it !

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

Cr

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

21
Rank: 18 (Overall)
Tennessine
0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.66
Rank: 18 (Overall)
Francium
0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.66
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Cesium
0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.56
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Cesium
0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.65
Rank: 19 (Overall)
Cesium
0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.34
Rank: 36 (Overall)
Gold
1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

26,130.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Cesium
375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

28,750.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

34,230.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Osmium
1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

37,066.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Thorium
2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

97,510.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Dubnium
4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

105,800.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

114,300.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Bohrium
7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

125,300.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Hassium
8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

134,700.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Yttrium
14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

144,300.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Strontium
17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

26,130.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Yttrium
19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

28,750.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Molybdenum
22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

34,230.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Molybdenum
26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

37,066.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Molybdenum
29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

97,510.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Manganese
41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

105,800.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Iron
47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

114,300.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Cobalt
52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

125,300.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Nickel
58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

134,700.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Copper
64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

144,300.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Molybdenum
80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

157,700.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Molybdenum
87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

166,090.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Molybdenum
93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
Molybdenum
98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
Molybdenum
104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.32 g/amp-hr
Rank: 73 (Overall)
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

4.50 eV
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Cesium
2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

24
Rank: 82 (Overall)
Lithium
3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d5 4s1

6.3 Crystal Structure

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

24
Rank: 81 (Overall)
Lithium
3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

28
Rank: 61 (Overall)
Lithium
4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

24
Rank: 81 (Overall)
Lithium
3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

128.00 pm
Rank: 46 (Overall)
Beryllium
112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

139.00 pm
Rank: 45 (Overall)
Beryllium
96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Zinc
139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

52.00 amu
Rank: 76 (Overall)
Lithium
6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

7.23 cm3/mol
Rank: 60 (Overall)
Manganese
1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

170.00 (-eV)
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Francium
8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

291.00 pm
Rank: 62 (Overall)
Beryllium
228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Beryllium
1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

7.19 g/cm3
Rank: 58 (Overall)
Lithium
0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

6.30 g/cm3
Rank: 40 (Overall)
Lithium
0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

689.00 MPa
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Indium
2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Cerium
2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

774.00 (Pa)
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

115.00 GPa
Rank: 9 (Overall)
Potassium
1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

160.00 GPa
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Cesium
1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

279.00 GPa
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Cesium
1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.21
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Beryllium
0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

NA

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

7.19
Rank: 46 (Overall)
Lithium
0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Antiferromagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

NA

8.2.2 Resistivity

125.00 nΩ·m
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Thallium
0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.08 106/cm Ω
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

64.30 kJ/mol
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Mercury
0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.45 J/(kg K)
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Americium
0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

23.35 J/mol·K
Rank: 55 (Overall)
Beryllium
16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

93.90 W/m·K
Rank: 17 (Overall)
Neptunium
6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Ytterbium
26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

4.90 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 57 (Overall)
Tungsten
4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

348.80 kJ/mol
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Zinc
7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

15.31 kJ/mol
Rank: 20 (Overall)
Cesium
2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

397.50 kJ/mol
Rank: 21 (Overall)
Mercury
61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

23.80 J/mol.K
Rank: 57 (Overall)
Beryllium
9.5 198.1