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Cobalt
Cobalt




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What is Cobalt?

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

Co

1.2 Group Number

9
Rank: 9 (Overall)
Gadolinium
0 17

1.3 Period Number

4
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Lithium
2 7

1.4 Block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

7440484
Rank: 38 (Overall)
Aluminium
7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Plutonium
11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.

2.2 Sources

Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Georg Brandt

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1732

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

3 * 10-4 %
Rank: 9 (Overall)
Thallium
5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0004 %
Rank: 9 (Overall)
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.06 %
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Gold
1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %
Rank: 21 (Overall)
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %
Rank: 20 (Overall)
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %
Rank: 17 (Overall)
Radium
1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Pharmaceutical Industry

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

60% - Transition Metals Metals have it !

3.2.3 In Blood

0.04 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 18 (Overall)
Plutonium
0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.04 p.p.m.
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Plutonium
0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,495.00 °C
Rank: 29 (Overall)
Francium
27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,870.00 °C
Rank: 34 (Overall)
Flerovium
147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Gray

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

5.00
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Cesium
0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

470.00 MPa
Rank: 26 (Overall)
Cesium
0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

1,043.00 MPa
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Palladium
121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

4,720.00 m/s
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Thallium
818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

67.00 %
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Molybdenum
58 97

4.7 Allotropes

6% - Transition Metals Metals have it !

4.7.1 α Allotropes

α-Cobalt

4.7.2 β Allotropes

β-Cobalt

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

Co

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

26
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Tennessine
0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.88
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Francium
0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

2.56
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Cesium
0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.70
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Cesium
0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.84
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Cesium
0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.12
Rank: 41 (Overall)
Gold
1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

760.40 kJ/mol
Rank: 19 (Overall)
Cesium
375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,648.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 31 (Overall)
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

3,232.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Osmium
1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

4,950.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 19 (Overall)
Thorium
2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

7,670.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Dubnium
4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

9,840.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

12,440.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Bohrium
7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

15,230.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Hassium
8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

17,959.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Yttrium
14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

26,570.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Strontium
17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

29,400.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Yttrium
19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

32,400.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Molybdenum
22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

36,600.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Molybdenum
26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

39,700.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 9 (Overall)
Molybdenum
29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

42,800.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Manganese
41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

49,396.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Iron
47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

52,737.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Copper
52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

134,810.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Nickel
58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

145,170.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Copper
64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

154,700.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Molybdenum
80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

167,400.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Molybdenum
87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

178,100.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Molybdenum
93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

189,300.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Molybdenum
98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
Molybdenum
104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
Molybdenum
121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
Molybdenum
127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
Molybdenum
133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.10 g/amp-hr
Rank: 57 (Overall)
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

5.00 eV
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Cesium
2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Ionization

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

22
Rank: 84 (Overall)
Lithium
3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d2 4s2

6.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

22
Rank: 83 (Overall)
Lithium
3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

26
Rank: 62 (Overall)
Lithium
4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

22
Rank: 83 (Overall)
Lithium
3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

147.00 pm
Rank: 34 (Overall)
Beryllium
112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

160.00 pm
Rank: 30 (Overall)
Beryllium
96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Zinc
139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

47.87 amu
Rank: 78 (Overall)
Lithium
6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

10.64 cm3/mol
Rank: 46 (Overall)
Manganese
1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

95.20 (-eV)
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Francium
8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

295.08 pm
Rank: 61 (Overall)
Beryllium
228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Beryllium
1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

4.51 g/cm3
Rank: 70 (Overall)
Lithium
0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

4.11 g/cm3
Rank: 49 (Overall)
Lithium
0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

434.00 MPa
Rank: 9 (Overall)
Indium
2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cerium
2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.98 (Pa)
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

44.00 GPa
Rank: 17 (Overall)
Potassium
1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

110.00 GPa
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Cesium
1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

116.00 GPa
Rank: 18 (Overall)
Cesium
1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.32
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Beryllium
0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

4,500.00
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Lithium
0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Poor Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

420.00 nΩ·m
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Thallium
0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.02 106/cm Ω
Rank: 42 (Overall)
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

7.60 kJ/mol
Rank: 37 (Overall)
Mercury
0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.52 J/(kg K)
Rank: 9 (Overall)
Americium
0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.06 J/mol·K
Rank: 44 (Overall)
Beryllium
16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

21.90 W/m·K
Rank: 43 (Overall)
Neptunium
6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Ytterbium
26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

8.60 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 45 (Overall)
Tungsten
4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

429.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Zinc
7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

15.48 kJ/mol
Rank: 19 (Overall)
Cesium
2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

468.60 kJ/mol
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Mercury
61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

27.30 J/mol.K
Rank: 56 (Overall)
Beryllium
9.5 198.1