Symbol
Co
Ru
Group Number
98
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
45
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
74404847440188
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00194.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt
Karl Ernst Claus
Discovery
In 1732
In 1844
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
-
Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C2,250.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C3,900.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.006.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa2,160.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa1,160.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s5,970.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
2.502.60
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
67.00 %6.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt
-
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Co
Ru
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2626
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.882.20
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.562.20
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.701.42
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.882.20
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.841.54
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.121.80
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol710.22 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol2,747.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol7,107.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol7,107.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol7,107.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol7,100.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol4,700.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol5,600.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol7,100.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol7,197.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol7,190.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol7,100.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol710.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol71,000.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol71,000.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol7,100.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol710.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol710.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol710.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol710.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr1.26 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV4.71 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Number
2244
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
2244
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
2657
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
2244
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm134.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm146.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm200.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu101.07 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol8.30 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)64.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm270.59 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.261.58
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm312.45 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm310.65 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa50.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa173.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa220.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa447.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.320.30
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
4,500.0012.45
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m71.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol101.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K24.06 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K117.00 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,768.00 K2,607.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)6.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol567.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol25.50 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol603.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K28.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻