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Ruthenium
Ruthenium

Molybdenum
Molybdenum



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Ruthenium vs Molybdenum

1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Ru
Mo
1.2 Group Number
86
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
55
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
d block
d block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74401887439987
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
1.8 Space Group Number
194.00229.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  • Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
  • Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1844
In 1778
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %5 * 10-7 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.4 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %~0.0000009 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.7 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.5.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.6.1 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
3.1.1 Abundance In Humans
NA0.00 %
Radium
1E-13 1.4
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  • Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
  • Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
Low Toxic
Toxic
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
4.5.2 In Bone
NA0.70 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
2,250.00 °C2,617.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
5.2 Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C4,612.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
5.4 Appearance
5.4.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
5.4.2 Color
Silvery White
Gray
5.4.3 Luster
Metallic
Metallic
5.5 Hardness
5.5.1 Mohs Hardness
6.505.50
Cesium
0.2 8.5
5.5.3 Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa1,370.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
5.5.5 Vickers Hardness
NA1,400.00 MPa
Palladium
121 3430
5.7 Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s5,400.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
5.9 Optical Properties
5.9.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
5.11.1 Reflectivity
NA58.00 %
Silver
58 97
5.12 Allotropes
5.12.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.12.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.12.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6 Chemical
6.1 Chemical Formula
Ru
Mo
6.2 Isotopes
6.2.1 Known Isotopes
2625
Tennessine
0 38
6.4 Electronegativity
6.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
2.202.16
Francium
0.7 2.54
7.1.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NA1.15
Cesium
0.22 2.56
7.1.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.421.30
Cesium
0.86 1.82
7.1.5 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.62 2.48
7.2.1 Allen Electronegativity
1.542.16
Cesium
0.659 2.7
7.5 Electropositivity
7.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
1.801.84
Gold
1.46 3.3
7.6 Ionization Energies
7.6.1 1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol684.30 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
7.6.3 2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol1,560.00 kJ/mol
Palladium
710.2162 28750
7.7.2 3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol2,618.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
7.7.4 4th Energy Level
NA4,480.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
7.7.5 5th Energy Level
NA5,257.00 kJ/mol
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
7.7.7 6th Energy Level
NA6,640.80 kJ/mol
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
7.8.1 7th Energy level
NA12,125.00 kJ/mol
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
7.8.2 8th Energy Level
NA13,860.00 kJ/mol
Hassium
8857.4 125300
8.1.3 9th Energy Level
NA15,835.00 kJ/mol
Yttrium
14110 134700
8.1.5 10th Energy Level
NA17,980.00 kJ/mol
Strontium
17100 144300
8.2.3 11th Energy Level
NA20,190.00 kJ/mol
Yttrium
19900 169988
8.2.4 12th Energy Level
NA22,219.00 kJ/mol
Copper
22219 189368
8.2.6 13th Energy Level
NA26,930.00 kJ/mol
Vanadium
26930 76015
8.2.8 14th Energy Level
NA29,196.00 kJ/mol
Iron
29196 86450
8.2.9 15th Energy Level
NA52,490.00 kJ/mol
Manganese
41987 97510
9.1.1 16th Energy Level
NA55,000.00 kJ/mol
Iron
47206 109480
9.2.1 17th Energy Level
NA61,400.00 kJ/mol
Cobalt
52737 122200
9.2.2 18th Energy Level
NA67,700.00 kJ/mol
Nickel
58570 134810
9.3.1 19th Energy Level
NA74,000.00 kJ/mol
Copper
64702 148700
9.4.1 20th Energy Level
NA80,400.00 kJ/mol
Zinc
80400 171200
9.4.2 21st Energy Level
NA87,000.00 kJ/mol
Zinc
87000 179100
9.4.3 22nd Energy Level
NA93,400.00 kJ/mol
Copper
93400 184900
9.5.1 23rd Energy Level
NA98,420.00 kJ/mol
Copper
98420 198800
9.5.2 24th Energy Level
NA104,400.00 kJ/mol
Iron
104400 195200
9.5.3 25th Energy Level
NA121,900.00 kJ/mol
121900 121900
9.5.4 26th Energy Level
NA127,700.00 kJ/mol
127700 127700
9.6.2 27th Energy Level
NA133,800.00 kJ/mol
133800 133800
9.6.3 28th Energy Level
NA139,800.00 kJ/mol
139800 139800
9.6.4 29th Energy Level
NA148,100.00 kJ/mol
148100 148100
9.6.5 30th Energy Level
NA154,500.00 kJ/mol
154500 154500
9.7 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr0.89 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
9.8 Electron Work Function
4.71 eV4.60 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
9.9 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
4442
Lithium
3 117
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Kr] 4d5 5s1
10.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
10.4.1 Crystal Lattice
10.5 Atom
10.5.1 Number of Protons
4442
Lithium
3 117
10.5.2 Number of Neutrons
5754
Lithium
4 184
10.5.3 Number of Electrons
4442
Lithium
3 117
10.6 Radius of an Atom
10.6.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm139.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
10.6.2 Covalent Radius
146.00 pm154.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
10.6.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm200.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
10.7 Atomic Weight
101.07 amu95.95 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
10.8 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol9.40 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
10.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.9.1 Previous Element
10.9.2 Next Element
10.10 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)88.60 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
10.11 Lattice Constant
270.59 pm314.70 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
10.12 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
10.13 Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58NA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm310.28 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm39.33 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
11.2 Tensile Strength
NA324.00 MPa
Indium
2.5 11000
11.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NANA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa126.00 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
11.5.2 Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa230.00 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
11.5.3 Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa329.00 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
11.6 Poisson Ratio
0.300.31
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Weldable
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.4510.22
Lithium
0.53 4500
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
12.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
12.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
12.2.2 Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m53.40 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.19 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol71.90 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.25 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K24.06 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K138.00 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
13.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
13.5 Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)4.80 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol594.10 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol27.61 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol653.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K28.70 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1