1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74401887439987
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
- Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %5 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.4 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %~0.0000009 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.7 Abundance In Meteorites
2.5.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.6.1 Abundance In Oceans
3.1.1 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
- Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.5.2 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
2,250.00 °C2,617.00 °C
27
3410
5.2 Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C4,612.00 °C
147
5660
5.4 Appearance
5.4.1 Physical State
5.4.2 Color
5.4.3 Luster
5.5 Hardness
5.5.1 Mohs Hardness
5.5.3 Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa1,370.00 MPa
0.14
3490
5.5.5 Vickers Hardness
5.7 Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s5,400.00 m/s
818
16200
5.9 Optical Properties
5.9.1 Refractive Index
5.11.1 Reflectivity
5.12 Allotropes
5.12.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.12.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.12.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6 Chemical
6.1 Chemical Formula
6.2 Isotopes
6.2.1 Known Isotopes
6.4 Electronegativity
6.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
7.1.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
7.1.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
7.1.5 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
7.2.1 Allen Electronegativity
7.5 Electropositivity
7.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
7.6 Ionization Energies
7.6.1 1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol684.30 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
7.6.3 2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol1,560.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
7.7.2 3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol2,618.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
7.7.4 4th Energy Level
NA4,480.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
7.7.5 5th Energy Level
NA5,257.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
7.7.7 6th Energy Level
NA6,640.80 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
7.8.1 7th Energy level
NA12,125.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
7.8.2 8th Energy Level
NA13,860.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
8.1.3 9th Energy Level
NA15,835.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
8.1.5 10th Energy Level
NA17,980.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
8.2.3 11th Energy Level
NA20,190.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
8.2.4 12th Energy Level
NA22,219.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
8.2.6 13th Energy Level
NA26,930.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
8.2.8 14th Energy Level
NA29,196.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
8.2.9 15th Energy Level
NA52,490.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
9.1.1 16th Energy Level
NA55,000.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
9.2.1 17th Energy Level
NA61,400.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
9.2.2 18th Energy Level
NA67,700.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
9.3.1 19th Energy Level
NA74,000.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
9.4.1 20th Energy Level
NA80,400.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
9.4.2 21st Energy Level
NA87,000.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
9.4.3 22nd Energy Level
NA93,400.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
9.5.1 23rd Energy Level
NA98,420.00 kJ/mol
98420
198800
9.5.2 24th Energy Level
NA104,400.00 kJ/mol
104400
195200
9.5.3 25th Energy Level
NA121,900.00 kJ/mol
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121900
121900
9.5.4 26th Energy Level
NA127,700.00 kJ/mol
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127700
127700
9.6.2 27th Energy Level
NA133,800.00 kJ/mol
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133800
133800
9.6.3 28th Energy Level
NA139,800.00 kJ/mol
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139800
139800
9.6.4 29th Energy Level
NA148,100.00 kJ/mol
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148100
148100
9.6.5 30th Energy Level
NA154,500.00 kJ/mol
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154500
154500
9.7 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr0.89 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.8 Electron Work Function
9.9 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Kr] 4d5 5s1
10.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
10.4.1 Crystal Lattice
10.5 Atom
10.5.1 Number of Protons
10.5.2 Number of Neutrons
10.5.3 Number of Electrons
10.6 Radius of an Atom
10.6.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm139.00 pm
112
265
10.6.2 Covalent Radius
146.00 pm154.00 pm
96
260
10.6.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
10.7 Atomic Weight
101.07 amu95.95 amu
6.94
294
10.8 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol9.40 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.9.1 Previous Element
10.9.2 Next Element
10.10 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)88.60 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.11 Lattice Constant
270.59 pm314.70 pm
228.58
891.25
10.12 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
10.13 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm310.28 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm39.33 g/cm3
0.512
20
11.2 Tensile Strength
11.3 Viscosity
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa126.00 GPa
1.3
222
11.5.2 Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa230.00 GPa
1.6
462
11.5.3 Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa329.00 GPa
1.7
528
11.6 Poisson Ratio
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Weldable
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
12.1.3 Permeability
12.1.4 Susceptibility
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m53.40 nΩ·m
0.18
961
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.19 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol71.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.25 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K24.06 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K138.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)4.80 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol594.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol27.61 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol653.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K28.70 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1