What is Ruthenium?

1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

1.3 Period Number

1.4 Block

1.5 Element Family

1.6 CAS Number

1.7 Space Group Name

1.8 Space Group Number

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

2.2 Sources

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

2.3.2 Discovery

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

3.1.2 Medical Uses

3.1.3 Other Uses

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

3.2.3 In Blood

3.2.4 In Bone

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

4.2 Boiling Point

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

4.3.2 Color

4.3.3 Luster

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

4.5 Speed of Sound

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

4.6.2 Reflectivity

4.7 Allotropes

4.7.1 α Allotropes

4.7.2 β Allotropes

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

5.5.7 7th Energy level

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

5.7 Electron Work Function

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

6.2 Electron Configuration

6.3 Crystal Structure

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

6.6 Atomic Weight

6.7 Atomic Volume

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

6.10 Lattice Constant

6.11 Lattice Angles

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

7.2 Tensile Strength

7.3 Viscosity

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

7.6 Poisson Ratio

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

8.1.3 Permeability

8.1.4 Susceptibility

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

8.2.2 Resistivity

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

9.4 Critical Temperature

9.5 Thermal Expansion

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy