Symbol
Ru
Tl
Group Number
813
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
56
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
74401887440280
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00194.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
William Crookes
Discovery
In 1844
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C303.50 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C1,457.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.501.20
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa26.50 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa120.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s818.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
2.601.90
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
6.00 %8.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Ru
Tl
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2632
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.201.62
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.202.25
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.421.44
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.201.96
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.541.79
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.802.38
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol1,971.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol2,878.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol58,900.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol58,900.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol589.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol589.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr7.63 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV3.84 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Number
4481
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
4481
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
57123
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
4481
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm170.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm145.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm196.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu204.38 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol17.20 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)9.60 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm345.66 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.581.60
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm311.85 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm311.22 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa47.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)16.90 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa2.80 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa43.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa8.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.300.45
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Sectile
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.4511.85
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m0.18 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.06 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol19.20 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K26.32 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K46.10 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K577.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)29.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol162.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol4.27 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol179.90 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K64.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻