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Thallium
Thallium




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What is Thallium?

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

Tl

1.2 Group Number

13
Rank: 5 (Overall)
0 17

1.3 Period Number

6
Rank: 2 (Overall)
2 7

1.4 Block

p block

1.5 Element Family

Post-​Transition

1.6 CAS Number

7440280
Rank: 52 (Overall)
7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00
Rank: 5 (Overall)
11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.

2.2 Sources

Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

William Crookes

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1861

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

5 * 10-9 %
Rank: 32 (Overall)
5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0000001 %
Rank: 26 (Overall)
1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %
Rank: 41 (Overall)
1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %
Rank: 42 (Overall)
9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %
Rank: 34 (Overall)
2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Medical Research

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Highly Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

70% - Post Transition Metals Metals have it !

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 34 (Overall)
0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.
Rank: 33 (Overall)
0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

303.50 °C
Rank: 69 (Overall)
27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

1,457.00 °C
Rank: 60 (Overall)
147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery White

4.3.3 Luster

NA

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

1.20
Rank: 20 (Overall)
0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

26.50 MPa
Rank: 50 (Overall)
0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

818.00 m/s
Rank: 53 (Overall)
818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
58 97

4.7 Allotropes

20% - Post Transition Metals Metals have it !

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

Tl

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

32
Rank: 7 (Overall)
0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.62
Rank: 21 (Overall)
0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

2.25
Rank: 5 (Overall)
0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.44
Rank: 17 (Overall)
0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.96
Rank: 6 (Overall)
0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.79
Rank: 13 (Overall)
0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.38
Rank: 33 (Overall)
1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

589.40 kJ/mol
Rank: 58 (Overall)
375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,971.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 14 (Overall)
710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,878.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 32 (Overall)
1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

7.63 g/amp-hr
Rank: 2 (Overall)
0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

3.84 eV
Rank: 28 (Overall)
2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

81
Rank: 35 (Overall)
3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1

6.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

81
Rank: 35 (Overall)
3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

123
Rank: 20 (Overall)
4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

81
Rank: 35 (Overall)
3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

170.00 pm
Rank: 22 (Overall)
112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

145.00 pm
Rank: 39 (Overall)
96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

196.00 pm
Rank: 30 (Overall)
139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

204.38 amu
Rank: 31 (Overall)
6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

17.20 cm3/mol
Rank: 31 (Overall)
1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

9.60 (-eV)
Rank: 64 (Overall)
8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

345.66 pm
Rank: 45 (Overall)
228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

1.60
Rank: 6 (Overall)
1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

11.85 g/cm3
Rank: 31 (Overall)
0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

11.22 g/cm3
Rank: 13 (Overall)
0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

16.90 (Pa)
Rank: 5 (Overall)
2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

2.80 GPa
Rank: 51 (Overall)
1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

43.00 GPa
Rank: 28 (Overall)
1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

8.00 GPa
Rank: 54 (Overall)
1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.45
Rank: 2 (Overall)
0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Sectile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

11.85
Rank: 22 (Overall)
0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

0.18 nΩ·m
Rank: 70 (Overall)
0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.06 106/cm Ω
Rank: 32 (Overall)
0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

19.20 kJ/mol
Rank: 32 (Overall)
0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.13 J/(kg K)
Rank: 39 (Overall)
0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.32 J/mol·K
Rank: 29 (Overall)
16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

46.10 W/m·K
Rank: 33 (Overall)
6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

29.90 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 12 (Overall)
4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

162.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 45 (Overall)
7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

4.27 kJ/mol
Rank: 54 (Overall)
2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

179.90 kJ/mol
Rank: 48 (Overall)
61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

64.20 J/mol.K
Rank: 19 (Overall)
9.5 198.1