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Polonium
Polonium




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What is Polonium?

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

Po

1.2 Group Number

16
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Gadolinium
0 17

1.3 Period Number

6
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Lithium
2 7

1.4 Block

p block

1.5 Element Family

Post-​Transition

1.6 CAS Number

7440086
Rank: 71 (Overall)
Aluminium
7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Pm-3m

1.8 Space Group Number

221.00
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Plutonium
11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.

2.2 Sources

Mining, Ores of metals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Pierre Curie and Marie Curie

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1898

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Thallium
5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~-9999 %
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Gold
1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %
Rank: 46 (Overall)
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Radium
1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

NA

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Highly Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

70% - Post Transition Metals Metals have it !

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 37 (Overall)
Plutonium
0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.
Rank: 36 (Overall)
Plutonium
0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

254.00 °C
Rank: 71 (Overall)
Francium
27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

962.00 °C
Rank: 69 (Overall)
Flerovium
147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

NA

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Palladium
121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Thallium
818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
58 97

4.7 Allotropes

20% - Post Transition Metals Metals have it !

4.7.1 α Allotropes

α-polonium

4.7.2 β Allotropes

β-polonium

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

Po

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

29
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Tennessine
0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

2.00
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Francium
0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.76
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Cesium
0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

2.48
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Cesium
0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

2.19
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Cesium
0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.00
Rank: 46 (Overall)
Gold
1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

812.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Cesium
375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Osmium
1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Thorium
2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Dubnium
4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bohrium
7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Hassium
8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Yttrium
14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Strontium
17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Yttrium
19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Manganese
41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Iron
47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cobalt
52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nickel
58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Copper
64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.90 g/amp-hr
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

84
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Lithium
3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4

6.3 Crystal Structure

Monoclinic (MON)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

84
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Lithium
3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

125
Rank: 19 (Overall)
Lithium
4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

84
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Lithium
3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

168.00 pm
Rank: 23 (Overall)
Beryllium
112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

140.00 pm
Rank: 44 (Overall)
Beryllium
96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

197.00 pm
Rank: 29 (Overall)
Zinc
139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

209.00 amu
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Lithium
6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

22.23 cm3/mol
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Manganese
1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
Francium
8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

335.90 pm
Rank: 48 (Overall)
Beryllium
228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Beryllium
1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

9.20 g/cm3
Rank: 41 (Overall)
Lithium
0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

9.40 g/cm3
Rank: 19 (Overall)
Lithium
0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Indium
2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cerium
2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Potassium
1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Beryllium
0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

NA

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

9.32
Rank: 31 (Overall)
Lithium
0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Nonmagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

0.40 nΩ·m
Rank: 67 (Overall)
Thallium
0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.02 106/cm Ω
Rank: 44 (Overall)
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

183.30 kJ/mol
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Mercury
0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.12 J/(kg K)
Rank: 40 (Overall)
Americium
0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.40 J/mol·K
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Beryllium
16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

20.00 W/m·K
Rank: 44 (Overall)
Neptunium
6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Ytterbium
26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

23.50 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Tungsten
4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

60.30 kJ/mol
Rank: 58 (Overall)
Zinc
7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

13.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 26 (Overall)
Cesium
2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

134.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 54 (Overall)
Mercury
61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Beryllium
9.5 198.1