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Thorium
Thorium
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What is Thorium?
Thorium Crystal Structure Thorium Electron Configuration Thorium Metal
Thorium
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Periodic Table

Symbol

Th

Group Number

0
Rank: 18 (Overall)
0 17
👆🏻

Period Number

7
Rank: 1 (Overall)
2 7
👆🏻

Block

f block

Element Family

Actinide

CAS Number

7440326
Rank: 49 (Overall)
7429905 54386242
👆🏻

Space Group Name

P63/mmc

Space Group Number

194.00
Rank: 7 (Overall)
11 276
👆🏻

Facts

Interesting Facts

  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.

Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining

History

Who Discovered

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

Discovery

In 1829

Abundance

Abundance In Universe

0.00 %
Rank: 10 (Overall)
0 0.11
👆🏻

Abundance In Sun

0.00 %
Rank: 9 (Overall)
0 0.1
👆🏻

Abundance In Meteorites

0.05 %
Rank: 11 (Overall)
0 22
👆🏻

Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.66 %
Rank: 7 (Overall)
1E-37 8.1
👆🏻

Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %
Rank: 15 (Overall)
0 1.1
👆🏻

Abundance In Humans

0.00 %
Rank: 24 (Overall)
0 1.4
👆🏻

Uses

Uses & Benefits

  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.

Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Medical Uses

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

Other Uses

Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

Biological Properties

Toxicity

Non Toxic

Present in Human Body

✔ ✘
7% - Actinide Series Metals have it !

In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 36 (Overall)
0 1970
👆🏻

In Bone

0.02 p.p.m.
Rank: 34 (Overall)
0 170000
👆🏻

Physical

Melting Point

1,750.00 °C
Rank: 17 (Overall)
-38.83 3410
👆🏻

Boiling Point

4,790.00 °C
Rank: 8 (Overall)
0 5660
👆🏻

Appearance

Physical State

Solid

Color

Silver

Luster

-

Hardness

Mohs Hardness

3.00
Rank: 13 (Overall)
0.2 8.5
👆🏻

Brinell Hardness

390.00 MPa
Rank: 35 (Overall)
0.14 3490
👆🏻

Vickers Hardness

295.00 MPa
Rank: 47 (Overall)
0 3920
👆🏻

Speed of Sound

2,490.00 m/s
Rank: 52 (Overall)
818 16200
👆🏻

Optical Properties

Refractive Index

1.60
Rank: 33 (Overall)
0.155 3.41
👆🏻

Reflectivity

15.00 %
Rank: 36 (Overall)
5 97
👆🏻

Allotropes

✔ ✘
No - Actinide Series Metals has it !

α Allotropes

-

β Allotropes

-

γ Allotropes

-

Chemical

Chemical Formula

Th

Isotopes

Known Isotopes

28
Rank: 11 (Overall)
0 38
👆🏻

Electronegativity

Pauling Electronegativity

1.30
Rank: 33 (Overall)
0 2.6
👆🏻

Sanderson Electronegativity

1.30
Rank: 25 (Overall)
0.22 2.56
👆🏻

Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.11
Rank: 30 (Overall)
0.86 1.9
👆🏻

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.30
Rank: 33 (Overall)
0.62 2.48
👆🏻

Allen Electronegativity

1.30
Rank: 40 (Overall)
0.659 2.7
👆🏻

Electropositivity

Pauling Electropositivity

2.70
Rank: 22 (Overall)
1.46 3.3
👆🏻

Ionization Energies

1st Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 60 (Overall)
375.7 26130
👆🏻

2nd Energy Level

1,110.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 74 (Overall)
392.8 28750
👆🏻

3rd Energy Level

1,978.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 81 (Overall)
392.8 34230
👆🏻

4th Energy Level

2,780.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 77 (Overall)
375.7 37066
👆🏻

5th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 52 (Overall)
392 97510
👆🏻

6th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 65 (Overall)
1007 105800
👆🏻

7th Energy level

5,870.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 57 (Overall)
1007 114300
👆🏻

8th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 55 (Overall)
730 125300
👆🏻

9th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 53 (Overall)
1007 134700
👆🏻

10th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 55 (Overall)
392 144300
👆🏻

11th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 60 (Overall)
392 169988
👆🏻

12th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 63 (Overall)
0 189368
👆🏻

13th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 49 (Overall)
1007 76015
👆🏻

14th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 38 (Overall)
380 86450
👆🏻

15th Energy Level

58,700.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 50 (Overall)
33000 100700
👆🏻

16th Energy Level

58,700.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 39 (Overall)
375.7 109480
👆🏻

17th Energy Level

587.40 kJ/mol
Rank: 61 (Overall)
375.7 122200
👆🏻

18th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 52 (Overall)
0 134810
👆🏻

19th Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 59 (Overall)
375.7 148700
👆🏻

20th Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 55 (Overall)
0 171200
👆🏻

21st Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 68 (Overall)
375.7 179100
👆🏻

22nd Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 50 (Overall)
330 184900
👆🏻

23rd Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 68 (Overall)
357.6 198800
👆🏻

24th Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 52 (Overall)
297.3 195200
👆🏻

25th Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 54 (Overall)
0 121900
👆🏻

26th Energy Level

587.40 kJ/mol
Rank: 55 (Overall)
357.6 127700
👆🏻

27th Energy Level

587.40 kJ/mol
Rank: 55 (Overall)
0 133800
👆🏻

28th Energy Level

587.40 kJ/mol
Rank: 59 (Overall)
297.3 139800
👆🏻

29th Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 60 (Overall)
0 148100
👆🏻

30th Energy Level

587.40 kJ/mol
Rank: 57 (Overall)
0 154500
👆🏻

Electrochemical Equivalent

2.16 g/amp-hr
Rank: 28 (Overall)
0.16812 8.3209
👆🏻

Electron Work Function

3.41 eV
Rank: 43 (Overall)
2.14 6
👆🏻

Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

Atomic

Atomic Number

90
Rank: 28 (Overall)
3 117
👆🏻

Electron Configuration

[Rn] 6d2 7s2

Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Crystal Lattice

Atom

Number of Protons

90
Rank: 28 (Overall)
3 117
👆🏻

Number of Neutrons

142
Rank: 16 (Overall)
4 285
👆🏻

Number of Electrons

90
Rank: 28 (Overall)
3 117
👆🏻

Radius of an Atom

Atomic Radius

179.80 pm
Rank: 17 (Overall)
0 348
👆🏻

Covalent Radius

206.00 pm
Rank: 7 (Overall)
0 260
👆🏻

Van der Waals Radius

237.00 pm
Rank: 19 (Overall)
0 348
👆🏻

Atomic Weight

232.04 amu
Rank: 23 (Overall)
6.94 294
👆🏻

Atomic Volume

19.90 cm3/mol
Rank: 32 (Overall)
1.39 71.07
👆🏻

Adjacent Atomic Numbers

Previous Element

Next Element

Valence Electron Potential

59.30 (-eV)
Rank: 24 (Overall)
0 392.42
👆🏻

Lattice Constant

508.42 pm
Rank: 16 (Overall)
0 891.25
👆🏻

Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

Lattice C/A Ratio

1.10
Rank: 60 (Overall)
0.423 1.9
👆🏻

Mechanical

Density

Density At Room Temperature

11.72 g/cm3
Rank: 34 (Overall)
0.534 40.7
👆🏻

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

11.72 g/cm3
Rank: 32 (Overall)
0.512 41
👆🏻

Tensile Strength

75.00 MPa
Rank: 30 (Overall)
0.1 11000
👆🏻

Viscosity

0.00
Rank: 23 (Overall)
1.5E-05 0.0035
👆🏻

Vapor Pressure

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 37 (Overall)
0 121
👆🏻

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 22 (Overall)
0 774
👆🏻

Elasticity properties

Shear Modulus

31.00 GPa
Rank: 25 (Overall)
1.3 222
👆🏻

Bulk Modulus

54.00 GPa
Rank: 23 (Overall)
0 462
👆🏻

Young's Modulus

79.00 GPa
Rank: 26 (Overall)
0 528
👆🏻

Poisson Ratio

0.27
Rank: 20 (Overall)
0.032 0.47
👆🏻

Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

Magnetic

Magnetic Characteristics

Specific Gravity

11.70
Rank: 36 (Overall)
0.53 4500
👆🏻

Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Permeability

0.00 H/m
Rank: 17 (Overall)
1.25643E-06 0.0063
👆🏻

Susceptibility

0.00
Rank: 24 (Overall)
-0.000166 200000
👆🏻

Electrical Properties

Electrical Property

Superconductor

Resistivity

157.00 nΩ·m
Rank: 22 (Overall)
0.1 961
👆🏻

Electrical Conductivity

0.07 106/cm Ω
Rank: 36 (Overall)
0 0.63
👆🏻

Electron Affinity

0.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 49 (Overall)
0 222.8
👆🏻

Thermal

Specific Heat

0.12 J/(kg K)
Rank: 42 (Overall)
0.1 3.6
👆🏻

Molar Heat Capacity

26.23 J/mol·K
Rank: 38 (Overall)
13.1 62.7
👆🏻

Thermal Conductivity

54.00 W/m·K
Rank: 28 (Overall)
0 429
👆🏻

Critical Temperature

2,023.00 K
Rank: 20 (Overall)
26.3 3695
👆🏻

Thermal Expansion

11.00 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 49 (Overall)
4.5 97
👆🏻

Enthalpy

Enthalpy of Vaporization

429.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 20 (Overall)
7.32 799.1
👆🏻

Enthalpy of Fusion

15.48 kJ/mol
Rank: 19 (Overall)
2.1 35.23
👆🏻

Enthalpy of Atomization

468.60 kJ/mol
Rank: 20 (Overall)
61.5 837
👆🏻

Standard Molar Entropy

27.30 J/mol.K
Rank: 73 (Overall)
9.5 198.1
👆🏻

Actinide Series » More

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