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Ruthenium
Ruthenium

Strontium
Strontium



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Ruthenium
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Ruthenium vs Strontium

1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Ru
Sr
1.2 Group Number
82
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
55
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
d block
s block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkaline Earth
1.6 CAS Number
74401887440246
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
1.8 Space Group Number
194.00225.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  • Strontium element is softer than Calcium.
  • Silvery Strontium turns yellow, if exposed to air.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
William Cruickshank
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1844
In 1787
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %4 * 10-6 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %~0.000005 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.04 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NA0.00 %
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  • Strontium metal is used to producing ferrite magnets as well as refining zinc.
  • By-product of nuclear reactors called Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope; it is absorbed by tissues and destroys bone marrow and cancer growth.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Low Toxic
Non Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.03 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
NA140.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
2,250.00 °C769.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C1,384.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
Metallic
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
6.501.50
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPaNA
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NANA
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/sNA
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Ru
Sr
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
2627
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
2.200.95
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NA0.72
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.420.99
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NA1.00
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
1.540.96
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
1.803.05
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol549.50 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol1,064.20 kJ/mol
Palladium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol4,138.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA5,500.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA6,910.00 kJ/mol
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA8,760.00 kJ/mol
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NA10,230.00 kJ/mol
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NA11,800.00 kJ/mol
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NA15,600.00 kJ/mol
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NA17,100.00 kJ/mol
Copper
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NA31,270.00 kJ/mol
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr1.64 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
4.71 eV2.59 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
4438
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Kr] 5s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
4438
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
5750
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
4438
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm215.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
146.00 pm195.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm249.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
101.07 amu87.62 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol33.70 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)25.70 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
270.59 pm608.49 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58NA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm32.64 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm32.38 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA121.00 (Pa)
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)NA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa6.03 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPaNA
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa15.70 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.300.28
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.452.64
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
NA
8.2.2 Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m132.00 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol5.03 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.30 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K35.40 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)22.50 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol150.00 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol9.16 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol163.20 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K55.00 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1