1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
1.6 CAS Number
74401887440133
7429905
54386242
1.3 Space Group Name
1.4 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- Protactinium metal has 29 isotopes.
- Isotopes of Protactinium-231 used in nuclear weapon.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Uranium Ores, Mining, Ores of metals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
William Crookes
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.7.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %~-9999 %
1E-08
0.1
2.7.2 Abundance In Meteorites
2.7.3 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.7.4 Abundance In Oceans
2.7.5 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- Currently known uses of Protactinium metal are limited to research purpose only.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
2,250.00 °C1,568.00 °C
27
3410
5.2 Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C4,027.00 °C
147
5660
5.3 Appearance
5.3.1 Physical State
5.3.2 Color
5.3.3 Luster
5.4 Hardness
5.4.1 Mohs Hardness
5.4.3 Brinell Hardness
5.4.5 Vickers Hardness
5.5 Speed of Sound
6.3 Optical Properties
6.3.1 Refractive Index
6.3.2 Reflectivity
6.4 Allotropes
6.4.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.4.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.4.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7 Chemical
7.1 Chemical Formula
7.2 Isotopes
7.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.2 Electronegativity
8.2.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.2.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.3.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.5.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.5.4 Allen Electronegativity
8.6 Electropositivity
8.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.8 Ionization Energies
8.8.1 1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol568.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.8.2 2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol1,128.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.9.2 3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol1,814.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.9.4 4th Energy Level
NA2,991.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.9.5 5th Energy Level
8.9.6 6th Energy Level
8.9.7 7th Energy level
8.9.8 8th Energy Level
9.2.2 9th Energy Level
9.2.3 10th Energy Level
9.2.4 11th Energy Level
9.3.2 12th Energy Level
9.3.3 13th Energy Level
9.3.4 14th Energy Level
9.3.5 15th Energy Level
9.3.6 16th Energy Level
9.3.7 17th Energy Level
9.3.9 18th Energy Level
9.3.11 19th Energy Level
9.3.13 20th Energy Level
9.3.14 21st Energy Level
9.3.16 22nd Energy Level
9.3.17 23rd Energy Level
9.4.2 24th Energy Level
9.5.2 25th Energy Level
9.5.3 26th Energy Level
9.5.5 27th Energy Level
9.5.7 28th Energy Level
9.5.8 29th Energy Level
9.5.10 30th Energy Level
9.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr1.72 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.7 Electron Work Function
9.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2
10.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Tetragonal (TETR)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.4.3 Number of Neutrons
10.4.6 Number of Electrons
10.5 Radius of an Atom
10.5.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm163.00 pm
112
265
10.5.3 Covalent Radius
146.00 pm200.00 pm
96
260
10.5.5 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm243.00 pm
139
348
10.6 Atomic Weight
101.07 amu231.04 amu
6.94
294
10.7 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol15.00 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.8.1 Previous Element
10.8.2 Next Element
10.9 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)92.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.10 Lattice Constant
270.59 pm392.50 pm
228.58
891.25
10.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
10.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm315.37 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.4 Tensile Strength
11.5 Viscosity
12.2 Vapor Pressure
12.2.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
12.5.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
12.6 Elasticity properties
12.6.1 Shear Modulus
12.6.3 Bulk Modulus
12.6.5 Young's Modulus
12.8 Poisson Ratio
12.9 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Unknown
13 Magnetic
13.1 Magnetic Characteristics
13.1.1 Specific Gravity
13.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
13.1.4 Permeability
13.1.6 Susceptibility
13.3 Electrical Properties
13.3.1 Electrical Property
13.3.2 Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m177.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
13.4.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.05 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
13.4.2 Electron Affinity
14 Thermal
14.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
14.3 Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·KNA
16.443
62.7
14.4 Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K47.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
14.7 Critical Temperature
15.2 Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)9.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
15.3 Enthalpy
15.3.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/molNA
7.32
799.1
15.3.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol12.34 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
15.4.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
15.7 Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K198.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1