1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
1.6 CAS Number
74404847440326
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
2.2 Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Georg Brandt
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %3 * 10-4 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %~0.0004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
-
Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,495.00 °C1,750.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C4,790.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa390.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa295.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s2,490.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
4.7.2 β Allotropes
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol2,780.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/molNA
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/molNA
22219
189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/molNA
26930
76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/molNA
29196
86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/molNA
41987
97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/molNA
47206
109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/molNA
52737
122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/molNA
58570
134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/molNA
64702
148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/molNA
80400
171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/molNA
87000
179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/molNA
93400
184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/molNA
98420
198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
147.00 pm179.80 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
160.00 pm206.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm237.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
47.87 amu232.04 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
295.08 pm508.42 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm311.72 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa31.00 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa54.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa79.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Superconductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m157.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K26.23 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
1.4.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
1.5 Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1