Chromium

Thallium

Chromium vs Thallium

Chromium

Thallium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

613

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

p block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

Post-Transition

1.6 CAS Number

74404737440280

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Im_ 3m

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

229.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.

Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.

Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.

Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.

2.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Louis Nicolas Vauquelin

William Crookes

2.3.2 Discovery

In Between 1797 - 1798

In 1861

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

1.5 * 10^-3 %5 * 10^-9 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.002 %~0.0000001 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.30 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.01 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %NA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.

Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry

Chemical Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Medical Research

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Highly Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.11 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.33 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,857.00 °C303.50 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,672.00 °C1,457.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silver

Silvery White

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

8.501.20

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

687.00 MPa26.50 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

1,060.00 MPaNA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

5,940.00 m/s818.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2132

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.661.62

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.662.25

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.561.44

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NA1.96

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.651.79

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.342.38

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

26,130.00 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

28,750.00 kJ/mol1,971.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

34,230.00 kJ/mol2,878.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

37,066.00 kJ/molNA

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

97,510.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

105,800.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

114,300.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

125,300.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

134,700.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

144,300.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

26,130.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

28,750.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

34,230.00 kJ/molNA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

37,066.00 kJ/molNA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

97,510.00 kJ/molNA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

105,800.00 kJ/molNA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

114,300.00 kJ/molNA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

125,300.00 kJ/molNA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

134,700.00 kJ/molNA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

144,300.00 kJ/molNA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

157,700.00 kJ/molNA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

166,090.00 kJ/molNA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.32 g/amp-hr7.63 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

4.50 eV3.84 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

2481

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p¹

6.3 Crystal Structure

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

2481

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

28123

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

2481

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

128.00 pm170.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

139.00 pm145.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm196.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

52.00 amu204.38 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

7.23 cm3/mol17.20 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

170.00 (-eV)9.60 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

291.00 pm345.66 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NA1.60

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

7.19 g/cm³11.85 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

6.30 g/cm311.22 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

689.00 MPaNA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)16.90 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

774.00 (Pa)NA

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

115.00 GPa2.80 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

160.00 GPa43.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

279.00 GPa8.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.210.45

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Sectile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

7.1911.85

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Antiferromagnetic

Diamagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

125.00 nΩ·m0.18 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.08 10⁶/cm Ω0.06 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

64.30 kJ/mol19.20 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.45 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

23.35 J/mol·K26.32 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

93.90 W/m·K46.10 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

4.90 µm/(m·K)29.90 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

348.80 kJ/mol162.10 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

15.31 kJ/mol4.27 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

397.50 kJ/mol179.90 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

23.80 J/mol.K64.20 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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