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Chromium
Chromium




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Cr Element

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

Cr

1.2 Group Number

6
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Gadolinium Metal
0 17

1.7 Period Number

4
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
2 7

1.10 Block

d block

1.11 Element Family

Transition Metal

1.12 CAS Number

7440473
Rank: 39 (Overall)
Aluminium Metal
7429905 54386242

1.13 Space Group Name

Im_ 3m

1.14 Space Group Number

229.00
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
11 229

3 Facts

3.1 Interesting Facts

  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.

3.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

3.3 History

3.3.1 Who Discovered

Louis Nicolas Vauquelin

3.3.2 Discovery

In Between 1797 - 1798

3.4 Abundance

3.4.1 Abundance In Universe

1.5 * 10-3 %
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
5E-09 0.11

3.4.4 Abundance In Sun

~0.002 %
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
1E-08 0.1

3.4.7 Abundance In Meteorites

0.30 %
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Gold Metal
1.7E-07 22

3.4.9 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.01 %
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Radium Metal
9.9E-12 8.1

3.4.11 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Protactinium Metal
2E-23 1.1

4.2.4 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Radium Metal
1E-13 1.4

5 Uses

5.1 Uses & Benefits

  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.

5.1.1 Industrial Uses

Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry

5.1.2 Medical Uses

NA

5.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

5.2 Biological Properties

5.2.1 Toxicity

Highly Toxic

5.2.2 Present in Human Body

60% - Transition Metals Metals have it !

5.2.3 In Blood

0.11 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
0 1970

6.1.1 In Bone

0.33 p.p.m.
Rank: 21 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
0 170000

7 Physical

7.1 Melting Point

1,857.00 °C
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Francium Metal
27 3410

7.4 Boiling Point

2,672.00 °C
Rank: 39 (Overall)
Flerovium Metal
147 5660

7.5 Appearance

7.5.1 Physical State

Solid

7.5.2 Color

Silver

7.5.3 Luster

Metallic

7.6 Hardness

7.6.1 Mohs Hardness

8.50
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.2 8.5

7.6.3 Brinell Hardness

687.00 MPa
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.14 3490

7.7.1 Vickers Hardness

1,060.00 MPa
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Palladium Metal
121 3430

7.9 Speed of Sound

5,940.00 m/s
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
818 16200

8.3 Optical Properties

8.3.1 Refractive Index

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury Metal
1.000933 1.7229

8.4.2 Reflectivity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
58 97

8.5 Allotropes

6% - Transition Metals Metals

8.5.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

8.5.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

8.5.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

9 Chemical

9.1 Chemical Formula

Cr

9.2 Isotopes

9.2.1 Known Isotopes

21
Rank: 18 (Overall)
Tennessine Metal
0 38

9.3 Electronegativity

9.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.66
Rank: 18 (Overall)
Francium Metal
0.7 2.54

9.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.66
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.22 2.56

9.3.6 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.56
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.86 1.82

9.3.7 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.62 2.48

9.5.2 Allen Electronegativity

1.65
Rank: 19 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.659 2.7

9.6 Electropositivity

9.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.34
Rank: 36 (Overall)
Gold Metal
1.46 3.3

9.7 Ionization Energies

9.7.1 1st Energy Level

26,130.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
375.7 26130

9.7.3 2nd Energy Level

28,750.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Ruthenium Metal
710.2162 28750

9.7.4 3rd Energy Level

34,230.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Osmium Metal
1600 34230

9.7.6 4th Energy Level

37,066.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Thorium Metal
2780 37066

9.7.8 5th Energy Level

97,510.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Dubnium Metal
4305.2 97510

9.7.10 6th Energy Level

105,800.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Seaborgium Metal
5715.8 105800

9.7.12 7th Energy level

114,300.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Bohrium Metal
7226.8 114300

9.7.14 8th Energy Level

125,300.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Hassium Metal
8857.4 125300

9.7.15 9th Energy Level

134,700.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Yttrium Metal
14110 134700

9.7.17 10th Energy Level

144,300.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Strontium Metal
17100 144300

9.7.19 11th Energy Level

26,130.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Yttrium Metal
19900 169988

9.7.21 12th Energy Level

28,750.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
22219 189368

9.7.23 13th Energy Level

34,230.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
26930 76015

9.7.25 14th Energy Level

37,066.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
29196 86450

9.7.28 15th Energy Level

97,510.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Manganese Metal
41987 97510

9.7.29 16th Energy Level

105,800.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Iron Metal
47206 109480

9.7.32 17th Energy Level

114,300.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Cobalt Metal
52737 122200

9.7.34 18th Energy Level

125,300.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Nickel Metal
58570 134810

9.7.36 19th Energy Level

134,700.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Copper Metal
64702 148700

9.7.39 20th Energy Level

144,300.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
80400 171200

9.7.41 21st Energy Level

157,700.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
87000 179100

9.7.44 22nd Energy Level

166,090.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
93400 184900

9.7.46 23rd Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
98420 198800

9.7.48 24th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
104400 195200

9.7.50 25th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
121900 121900

9.7.52 26th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
127700 127700

9.8.1 27th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
133800 133800

9.8.2 28th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
139800 139800

9.8.3 29th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
148100 148100

9.9.1 30th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
154500 154500

9.10 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.32 g/amp-hr
Rank: 73 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
0.16812 8.3209

10.2 Electron Work Function

4.50 eV
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
2.14 5.65

10.6 Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

11 Atomic

11.1 Atomic Number

24
Rank: 82 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
3 117

11.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d5 4s1

11.3 Crystal Structure

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

11.3.1 Crystal Lattice

11.4 Atom

11.4.1 Number of Protons

24
Rank: 81 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
3 117

11.4.3 Number of Neutrons

28
Rank: 61 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
4 184

11.5.2 Number of Electrons

24
Rank: 81 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
3 117

11.6 Radius of an Atom

11.6.1 Atomic Radius

128.00 pm
Rank: 46 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
112 265

11.7.1 Covalent Radius

139.00 pm
Rank: 45 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
96 260

11.8.1 Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Zinc Metal
139 348

11.9 Atomic Weight

52.00 amu
Rank: 76 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
6.94 294

11.12 Atomic Volume

7.23 cm3/mol
Rank: 60 (Overall)
Manganese Metal
1.39 71.07

11.16 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

11.16.1 Previous Element

11.16.2 Next Element

11.17 Valence Electron Potential

170.00 (-eV)
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Francium Metal
8 392.42

12.2 Lattice Constant

291.00 pm
Rank: 62 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
228.58 891.25

12.3 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

12.4 Lattice C/A Ratio

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
1.567 1.886

13 Mechanical

13.1 Density

13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

7.19 g/cm3
Rank: 58 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
0.534 40.7

13.3.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

6.30 g/cm3
Rank: 40 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
0.512 20

13.5 Tensile Strength

689.00 MPa
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Indium Metal
2.5 11000

13.7 Viscosity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury Metal
0.001526 0.001526

13.8 Vapor Pressure

13.8.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Cerium Metal
2.47E-11 121

13.8.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

774.00 (Pa)
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Tungsten Metal
2.62E-10 774

13.9 Elasticity properties

13.9.1 Shear Modulus

115.00 GPa
Rank: 9 (Overall)
Potassium Metal
1.3 222

13.10.1 Bulk Modulus

160.00 GPa
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
1.6 462

14.1.2 Young's Modulus

279.00 GPa
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
1.7 528

14.2 Poisson Ratio

0.21
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
0.032 0.47

14.4 Other Mechanical Properties

NA

15 Magnetic

15.1 Magnetic Characteristics

15.1.1 Specific Gravity

7.19
Rank: 46 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
0.53 4500

15.1.3 Magnetic Ordering

Antiferromagnetic

15.1.4 Permeability

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth Metal
1.25643E-06 0.0063

15.1.5 Susceptibility

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth Metal
-0.000166 200000

15.2 Electrical Properties

15.2.1 Electrical Property

NA

15.2.2 Resistivity

125.00 nΩ·m
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
0.18 961

16.1.1 Electrical Conductivity

0.08 106/cm Ω
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
0.00666 0.63

16.3.1 Electron Affinity

64.30 kJ/mol
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Mercury Metal
0 222.8

17 Thermal

17.1 Specific Heat

0.45 J/(kg K)
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Americium Metal
0.11 3.6

17.3 Molar Heat Capacity

23.35 J/mol·K
Rank: 55 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
16.443 62.7

17.5 Thermal Conductivity

93.90 W/m·K
Rank: 17 (Overall)
Neptunium Metal
6.3 429

17.6 Critical Temperature

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Ytterbium Metal
26.3 3223

17.7 Thermal Expansion

4.90 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 57 (Overall)
Tungsten Metal
4.5 97

17.9 Enthalpy

17.9.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

348.80 kJ/mol
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Zinc Metal
7.32 799.1

17.9.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

15.31 kJ/mol
Rank: 20 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
2.1 35.23

17.9.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

397.50 kJ/mol
Rank: 21 (Overall)
Mercury Metal
61.5 837

17.10 Standard Molar Entropy

23.80 J/mol.K
Rank: 57 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
9.5 198.1