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Copper
Copper




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Cu Element

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Periodic Table

Symbol

Cu

Group Number

11
Rank: 7 (Overall)
0 17
👆🏻

Period Number

4
Rank: 4 (Overall)
2 7
👆🏻

Block

d block

Element Family

Transition Metal

CAS Number

7440508
Rank: 37 (Overall)
7429905 54386242
👆🏻

Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

Space Group Number

225.00
Rank: 2 (Overall)
11 229
👆🏻

Facts

Interesting Facts

  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.

Sources

Found in Minerals

History

Who Discovered

Unknown

Discovery

In Middle East (9000 BCE)

Abundance

Abundance In Universe

0.00 %
Rank: 12 (Overall)
5E-09 0.11
👆🏻

Abundance In Sun

0.00 %
Rank: 12 (Overall)
1E-08 0.1
👆🏻

Abundance In Meteorites

0.01 %
Rank: 13 (Overall)
1.7E-07 22
👆🏻

Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.01 %
Rank: 17 (Overall)
9.9E-12 8.1
👆🏻

Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %
Rank: 8 (Overall)
2E-23 1.1
👆🏻

Abundance In Humans

0.00 %
Rank: 9 (Overall)
1E-13 1.4
👆🏻

Uses

Uses & Benefits

  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.

Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry

Medical Uses

NA

Other Uses

Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery

Biological Properties

Toxicity

Non Toxic

Present in Human Body

60% - Transition Metals Metals have it !

In Blood

1.01 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 8 (Overall)
0 1970
👆🏻

In Bone

26.00 p.p.m.
Rank: 12 (Overall)
0 170000
👆🏻

Physical

Melting Point

1,084.62 °C
Rank: 40 (Overall)
27 3410
👆🏻

Boiling Point

2,562.00 °C
Rank: 43 (Overall)
147 5660
👆🏻

Appearance

Physical State

Solid

Color

Copper

Luster

NA

Hardness

Mohs Hardness

3.00
Rank: 12 (Overall)
0.2 8.5
👆🏻

Brinell Hardness

235.00 MPa
Rank: 38 (Overall)
0.14 3490
👆🏻

Vickers Hardness

343.00 MPa
Rank: 28 (Overall)
121 3430
👆🏻

Speed of Sound

3,810.00 m/s
Rank: 19 (Overall)
818 16200
👆🏻

Optical Properties

Refractive Index

Not Available
1.000933 1.7229
👆🏻

Reflectivity

90.00 %
Rank: 3 (Overall)
58 97
👆🏻

Allotropes

6% - Transition Metals Metals

α Allotropes

Not Available

β Allotropes

Not Available

γ Allotropes

Not Available

Chemical

Chemical Formula

Cu

Isotopes

Known Isotopes

29
Rank: 10 (Overall)
0 38
👆🏻

Electronegativity

Pauling Electronegativity

1.90
Rank: 11 (Overall)
0.7 2.54
👆🏻

Sanderson Electronegativity

1.98
Rank: 9 (Overall)
0.22 2.56
👆🏻

Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.75
Rank: 3 (Overall)
0.86 1.82
👆🏻

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.49
Rank: 14 (Overall)
0.62 2.48
👆🏻

Allen Electronegativity

1.85
Rank: 9 (Overall)
0.659 2.7
👆🏻

Electropositivity

Pauling Electropositivity

2.10
Rank: 42 (Overall)
1.46 3.3
👆🏻

Ionization Energies

1st Energy Level

745.50 kJ/mol
Rank: 22 (Overall)
375.7 26130
👆🏻

2nd Energy Level

1,957.90 kJ/mol
Rank: 15 (Overall)
710.2162 28750
👆🏻

3rd Energy Level

3,555.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 15 (Overall)
1600 34230
👆🏻

4th Energy Level

5,536.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 12 (Overall)
2780 37066
👆🏻

5th Energy Level

7,700.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 11 (Overall)
4305.2 97510
👆🏻

6th Energy Level

9,900.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 10 (Overall)
5715.8 105800
👆🏻

7th Energy level

13,400.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
7226.8 114300
👆🏻

8th Energy Level

16,000.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 9 (Overall)
8857.4 125300
👆🏻

9th Energy Level

19,200.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 9 (Overall)
14110 134700
👆🏻

10th Energy Level

22,400.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 11 (Overall)
17100 144300
👆🏻

11th Energy Level

25,600.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 13 (Overall)
19900 169988
👆🏻

12th Energy Level

35,600.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
22219 189368
👆🏻

13th Energy Level

38,700.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
26930 76015
👆🏻

14th Energy Level

42,000.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
29196 86450
👆🏻

15th Energy Level

46,700.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 9 (Overall)
41987 97510
👆🏻

16th Energy Level

50,200.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 10 (Overall)
47206 109480
👆🏻

17th Energy Level

53,700.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 12 (Overall)
52737 122200
👆🏻

18th Energy Level

61,100.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 10 (Overall)
58570 134810
👆🏻

19th Energy Level

64,702.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 11 (Overall)
64702 148700
👆🏻

20th Energy Level

163,700.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 2 (Overall)
80400 171200
👆🏻

21st Energy Level

174,100.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 2 (Overall)
87000 179100
👆🏻

22nd Energy Level

184,900.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
93400 184900
👆🏻

23rd Energy Level

198,800.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
98420 198800
👆🏻

24th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
104400 195200
👆🏻

25th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
121900 121900
👆🏻

26th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
127700 127700
👆🏻

27th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
133800 133800
👆🏻

28th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
139800 139800
👆🏻

29th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
148100 148100
👆🏻

30th Energy Level

Not Available
154500 154500
👆🏻

Electrochemical Equivalent

1.19 g/amp-hr
Rank: 53 (Overall)
0.16812 8.3209
👆🏻

Electron Work Function

4.65 eV
Rank: 11 (Overall)
2.14 5.65
👆🏻

Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility

Atomic

Atomic Number

29
Rank: 78 (Overall)
3 117
👆🏻

Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d10 4s1

Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Crystal Lattice

Atom

Number of Protons

29
Rank: 77 (Overall)
3 117
👆🏻

Number of Neutrons

35
Rank: 58 (Overall)
4 184
👆🏻

Number of Electrons

29
Rank: 77 (Overall)
3 117
👆🏻

Radius of an Atom

Atomic Radius

128.00 pm
Rank: 46 (Overall)
112 265
👆🏻

Covalent Radius

132.00 pm
Rank: 48 (Overall)
96 260
👆🏻

Van der Waals Radius

140.00 pm
Rank: 44 (Overall)
139 348
👆🏻

Atomic Weight

63.55 amu
Rank: 72 (Overall)
6.94 294
👆🏻

Atomic Volume

7.10 cm3/mol
Rank: 61 (Overall)
1.39 71.07
👆🏻

Adjacent Atomic Numbers

Previous Element

Next Element

Valence Electron Potential

34.00 (-eV)
Rank: 50 (Overall)
8 392.42
👆🏻

Lattice Constant

361.49 pm
Rank: 35 (Overall)
228.58 891.25
👆🏻

Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

Lattice C/A Ratio

Not Available
1.567 1.886
👆🏻

Mechanical

Density

Density At Room Temperature

8.96 g/cm3
Rank: 43 (Overall)
0.534 40.7
👆🏻

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

8.02 g/cm3
Rank: 27 (Overall)
0.512 20
👆🏻

Tensile Strength

Not Available
2.5 11000
👆🏻

Viscosity

Not Available
0.001526 0.001526
👆🏻

Vapor Pressure

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

1.53 (Pa)
Rank: 8 (Overall)
2.47E-11 121
👆🏻

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

Not Available
2.62E-10 774
👆🏻

Elasticity properties

Shear Modulus

48.00 GPa
Rank: 15 (Overall)
1.3 222
👆🏻

Bulk Modulus

140.00 GPa
Rank: 12 (Overall)
1.6 462
👆🏻

Young's Modulus

120.00 GPa
Rank: 17 (Overall)
1.7 528
👆🏻

Poisson Ratio

0.34
Rank: 10 (Overall)
0.032 0.47
👆🏻

Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

Magnetic

Magnetic Characteristics

Specific Gravity

8.89
Rank: 34 (Overall)
0.53 4500
👆🏻

Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Permeability

0.00 H/m
Rank: 5 (Overall)
1.25643E-06 0.0063
👆🏻

Susceptibility

0.00
Rank: 4 (Overall)
-0.000166 200000
👆🏻

Electrical Properties

Electrical Property

Conductor

Resistivity

16.78 nΩ·m
Rank: 50 (Overall)
0.18 961
👆🏻

Electrical Conductivity

0.60 106/cm Ω
Rank: 2 (Overall)
0.00666 0.63
👆🏻

Electron Affinity

222.80 kJ/mol
Rank: 1 (Overall)
0 222.8
👆🏻

Thermal

Specific Heat

0.38 J/(kg K)
Rank: 15 (Overall)
0.11 3.6
👆🏻

Molar Heat Capacity

24.44 J/mol·K
Rank: 51 (Overall)
16.443 62.7
👆🏻

Thermal Conductivity

401.00 W/m·K
Rank: 2 (Overall)
6.3 429
👆🏻

Critical Temperature

Not Available
26.3 3223
👆🏻

Thermal Expansion

16.50 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 25 (Overall)
4.5 97
👆🏻

Enthalpy

Enthalpy of Vaporization

283.70 kJ/mol
Rank: 33 (Overall)
7.32 799.1
👆🏻

Enthalpy of Fusion

7.11 kJ/mol
Rank: 46 (Overall)
2.1 35.23
👆🏻

Enthalpy of Atomization

338.90 kJ/mol
Rank: 29 (Overall)
61.5 837
👆🏻

Standard Molar Entropy

33.20 J/mol.K
Rank: 45 (Overall)
9.5 198.1
👆🏻