1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.7 Period Number
1.14 Block
1.15 Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
1.16 CAS Number
74405757440699
7429905
54386242
2.2 Space Group Name
2.4 Space Group Number
4 Facts
4.1 Interesting Facts
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
- Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
- It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
4.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
4.3 History
4.3.1 Who Discovered
Unknown
Claude François Geoffroy
4.4.1 Discovery
4.5 Abundance
4.5.1 Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %7 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
1.2.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.000006 %
1E-08
0.1
1.4.2 Abundance In Meteorites
1.5.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.4 Abundance In Oceans
3.2.5 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
- Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Pharmaceutical Industry
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.02 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
5.1.2 In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.0.20 p.p.m.
0
170000
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
1,064.43 °C271.30 °C
27
3410
8.6 Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C1,560.00 °C
147
5660
8.7 Appearance
8.7.1 Physical State
8.7.2 Color
8.7.3 Luster
8.8 Hardness
8.8.1 Mohs Hardness
9.1.1 Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa70.00 MPa
0.14
3490
10.4.1 Vickers Hardness
10.7 Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s1,790.00 m/s
818
16200
10.9 Optical Properties
10.9.1 Refractive Index
10.9.3 Reflectivity
12.2 Allotropes
12.2.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
12.2.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
12.2.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
13 Chemical
13.1 Chemical Formula
13.2 Isotopes
13.2.1 Known Isotopes
13.5 Electronegativity
13.5.1 Pauling Electronegativity
13.7.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
14.3.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
15.4.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
15.5.2 Allen Electronegativity
16.2 Electropositivity
16.2.1 Pauling Electropositivity
16.4 Ionization Energies
16.4.1 1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
16.5.3 2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol1,610.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
16.6.4 3rd Energy Level
NA2,466.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
16.6.6 4th Energy Level
NA4,370.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
16.11.2 5th Energy Level
NA5,400.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
16.11.4 6th Energy Level
NA8,520.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
16.11.7 7th Energy level
16.12.3 8th Energy Level
16.12.7 9th Energy Level
16.12.10 10th Energy Level
17.2.4 11th Energy Level
17.3.2 12th Energy Level
17.4.3 13th Energy Level
17.4.7 14th Energy Level
17.5.4 15th Energy Level
17.5.8 16th Energy Level
17.6.4 17th Energy Level
18.2.4 18th Energy Level
18.2.8 19th Energy Level
18.3.3 20th Energy Level
18.3.7 21st Energy Level
18.3.12 22nd Energy Level
18.3.15 23rd Energy Level
18.4.2 24th Energy Level
18.4.6 25th Energy Level
18.5.2 26th Energy Level
18.5.6 27th Energy Level
18.5.9 28th Energy Level
18.5.12 29th Energy Level
18.5.16 30th Energy Level
18.7 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr2.60 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
18.9 Electron Work Function
18.11 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
19 Atomic
19.1 Atomic Number
20.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
20.4 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
20.4.1 Crystal Lattice
20.5 Atom
20.5.1 Number of Protons
21.7.3 Number of Neutrons
21.8.3 Number of Electrons
21.10 Radius of an Atom
21.10.1 Atomic Radius
151.00 pm156.00 pm
112
265
21.13.3 Covalent Radius
144.00 pm148.00 pm
96
260
21.18.2 Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm207.00 pm
139
348
22.2 Atomic Weight
196.97 amu208.98 amu
6.94
294
23.2 Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol21.30 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
23.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
23.9.1 Previous Element
23.9.2 Next Element
23.10 Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)41.90 (-eV)
8
392.42
23.13 Lattice Constant
407.82 pm667.40 pm
228.58
891.25
23.14 Lattice Angles
23.15 Lattice C/A Ratio
24 Mechanical
24.1 Density
24.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm39.78 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
26.1.5 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm310.05 g/cm3
0.512
20
26.3 Tensile Strength
26.5 Viscosity
26.6 Vapor Pressure
26.6.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
28.1.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)NA
2.62E-10
774
28.5 Elasticity properties
28.5.1 Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa12.00 GPa
1.3
222
28.10.2 Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa31.00 GPa
1.6
462
28.13.3 Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa32.00 GPa
1.7
528
29.3 Poisson Ratio
29.9 Other Mechanical Properties
30 Magnetic
30.1 Magnetic Characteristics
30.1.1 Specific Gravity
30.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
30.1.3 Permeability
NA0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
31.1.2 Susceptibility
31.5 Electrical Properties
31.5.1 Electrical Property
31.5.2 Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m1.29 nΩ·m
0.18
961
31.5.5 Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
31.6.4 Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol91.20 kJ/mol
0
222.8
32 Thermal
32.1 Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
32.4 Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K25.52 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
32.6 Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K7.97 W/m·K
6.3
429
32.11 Critical Temperature
33.3 Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)13.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
33.7 Enthalpy
33.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol151.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
33.10.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol10.90 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
34.1.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol207.10 kJ/mol
61.5
837
34.3 Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K56.70 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1