1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.8 Period Number
1.18 Block
1.19 Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkaline Earth
1.20 CAS Number
74401887440417
7429905
54386242
2.5 Space Group Name
2.6 Space Group Number
5 Facts
5.1 Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
- Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
- It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
5.2 Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
5.3 History
5.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
5.3.2 Discovery
5.4 Abundance
5.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %1 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
6.2.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %~0.00000001 %
1E-08
0.1
6.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites
6.4.9 Abundance In Earth's Crust
6.4.15 Abundance In Oceans
7.2.4 Abundance In Humans
10 Uses
10.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
- Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
10.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
10.1.2 Medical Uses
10.1.3 Other Uses
10.2 Biological Properties
10.2.1 Toxicity
10.2.2 Present in Human Body
10.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
11.1.4 In Bone
14 Physical
14.1 Melting Point
2,250.00 °C1,278.00 °C
27
3410
15.4 Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C2,970.00 °C
147
5660
16.5 Appearance
16.5.1 Physical State
16.5.2 Color
16.5.3 Luster
16.6 Hardness
16.6.1 Mohs Hardness
16.7.2 Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa590.00 MPa
0.14
3490
16.9.2 Vickers Hardness
16.13 Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s12,890.00 m/s
818
16200
16.16 Optical Properties
16.16.1 Refractive Index
16.17.5 Reflectivity
18.4 Allotropes
18.4.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
18.4.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
18.4.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
19 Chemical
19.1 Chemical Formula
19.2 Isotopes
19.2.1 Known Isotopes
20.5 Electronegativity
20.5.1 Pauling Electronegativity
20.7.5 Sanderson Electronegativity
21.2.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
21.3.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
21.3.6 Allen Electronegativity
21.5 Electropositivity
21.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
21.8 Ionization Energies
21.8.1 1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol899.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
21.11.3 2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol1,757.10 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
21.11.10 3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol14,848.70 kJ/mol
1600
34230
21.11.14 4th Energy Level
NA21,006.60 kJ/mol
2780
37066
21.13.2 5th Energy Level
21.13.7 6th Energy Level
21.13.12 7th Energy level
21.13.15 8th Energy Level
21.13.21 9th Energy Level
21.13.25 10th Energy Level
21.13.29 11th Energy Level
21.13.34 12th Energy Level
21.13.39 13th Energy Level
21.13.43 14th Energy Level
21.13.48 15th Energy Level
21.13.53 16th Energy Level
21.13.57 17th Energy Level
21.13.62 18th Energy Level
21.13.65 19th Energy Level
21.13.69 20th Energy Level
21.13.74 21st Energy Level
21.13.77 22nd Energy Level
21.13.81 23rd Energy Level
21.13.86 24th Energy Level
21.13.89 25th Energy Level
21.13.93 26th Energy Level
21.13.97 27th Energy Level
21.13.101 28th Energy Level
21.13.108 29th Energy Level
21.14.2 30th Energy Level
21.15 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr0.17 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
21.18 Electron Work Function
22.2 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
23 Atomic
23.1 Atomic Number
24.6 Electron Configuration
24.8 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
24.9.2 Crystal Lattice
24.10 Atom
24.10.1 Number of Protons
24.10.7 Number of Neutrons
24.11.3 Number of Electrons
24.15 Radius of an Atom
24.15.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm112.00 pm
112
265
24.15.3 Covalent Radius
25.1.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm153.00 pm
139
348
25.4 Atomic Weight
101.07 amu9.01 amu
6.94
294
25.10 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol5.00 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
25.15 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
25.15.1 Previous Element
25.15.2 Next Element
25.16 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)82.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
25.19 Lattice Constant
270.59 pm228.58 pm
228.58
891.25
25.25 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
25.26 Lattice C/A Ratio
26 Mechanical
26.1 Density
26.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm31.85 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
28.1.5 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm31.69 g/cm3
0.512
20
28.7 Tensile Strength
28.14 Viscosity
29.5 Vapor Pressure
29.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
30.5.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
30.9 Elasticity properties
30.9.1 Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa132.00 GPa
1.3
222
31.2.6 Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa130.00 GPa
1.6
462
31.5.4 Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa287.00 GPa
1.7
528
31.6 Poisson Ratio
33.2 Other Mechanical Properties
34 Magnetic
34.1 Magnetic Characteristics
34.1.1 Specific Gravity
34.3.3 Magnetic Ordering
34.3.4 Permeability
35.2.2 Susceptibility
35.6 Electrical Properties
35.6.1 Electrical Property
35.6.2 Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m36.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
35.12.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.31 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
36.2.2 Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
38 Thermal
38.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)1.82 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
38.4 Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K16.44 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
39.4 Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K200.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
39.11 Critical Temperature
39.14 Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)11.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
39.16 Enthalpy
39.16.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol294.70 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
39.18.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol11.72 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
40.2.4 Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol326.40 kJ/mol
61.5
837
40.3 Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K9.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1