1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkaline Earth
1.6 CAS Number
74401887440417
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
- Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
- It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %1 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %~0.00000001 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
- Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
2,250.00 °C1,278.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C2,970.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa590.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s12,890.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol899.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol1,757.10 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol14,848.70 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA21,006.60 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
5.5.7 7th Energy level
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr0.17 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm112.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm153.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
101.07 amu9.01 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol5.00 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)82.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
270.59 pm228.58 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm31.85 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm31.69 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa132.00 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa130.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa287.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m36.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.31 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)1.82 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K16.44 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K200.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)11.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol294.70 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol11.72 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol326.40 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K9.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1