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Cadmium
Cadmium




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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

Cd

1.2 Group Number

12
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Gadolinium Metal
0 17

1.3 Period Number

5
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
2 7

1.4 Block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

7440439
Rank: 42 (Overall)
Aluminium Metal
7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.

2.2 Sources

Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1817

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

2 * 10-7 %
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0000006 %
Rank: 21 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %
Rank: 31 (Overall)
Gold Metal
1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %
Rank: 46 (Overall)
Radium Metal
9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Protactinium Metal
2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Radium Metal
1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

NA

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

60% - Transition Metals Metals have it !

3.2.3 In Blood

0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

1.80 p.p.m.
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

320.90 °C
Rank: 68 (Overall)
Francium Metal
27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

765.00 °C
Rank: 73 (Overall)
Flerovium Metal
147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery Bluish-Gray

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

2.00
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

203.00 MPa
Rank: 39 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Palladium Metal
121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

2,310.00 m/s
Rank: 39 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury Metal
1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

67.00 %
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
58 97

4.7 Allotropes

6% - Transition Metals Metals have it !

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

Cd

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

34
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Tennessine Metal
0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.69
Rank: 17 (Overall)
Francium Metal
0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.98
Rank: 9 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.46
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.53
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.52
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.31
Rank: 37 (Overall)
Gold Metal
1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

867.80 kJ/mol
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,631.40 kJ/mol
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Ruthenium Metal
710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

3,616.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Osmium Metal
1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Thorium Metal
2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Dubnium Metal
4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Seaborgium Metal
5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bohrium Metal
7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Hassium Metal
8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Yttrium Metal
14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Strontium Metal
17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Yttrium Metal
19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Manganese Metal
41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Iron Metal
47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cobalt Metal
52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nickel Metal
58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Copper Metal
64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

2.10 g/amp-hr
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

4.22 eV
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

48
Rank: 64 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Kr] 4d10 5s2

6.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

48
Rank: 63 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

64
Rank: 46 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

48
Rank: 63 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

151.00 pm
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

144.00 pm
Rank: 40 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

158.00 pm
Rank: 41 (Overall)
Zinc Metal
139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

112.41 amu
Rank: 58 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

13.10 cm3/mol
Rank: 39 (Overall)
Manganese Metal
1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

30.00 (-eV)
Rank: 52 (Overall)
Francium Metal
8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

297.94 pm
Rank: 60 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

1.89
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

8.65 g/cm3
Rank: 47 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

8.00 g/cm3
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

62.00 MPa
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Indium Metal
2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury Metal
0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cerium Metal
2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Tungsten Metal
2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

19.00 GPa
Rank: 35 (Overall)
Potassium Metal
1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

42.00 GPa
Rank: 29 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

50.00 GPa
Rank: 36 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.30
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

8.65
Rank: 36 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth Metal
1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth Metal
-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Semiconductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

72.70 nΩ·m
Rank: 36 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.14 106/cm Ω
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

0.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 40 (Overall)
Mercury Metal
0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.23 J/(kg K)
Rank: 26 (Overall)
Americium Metal
0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.02 J/mol·K
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

96.60 W/m·K
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Neptunium Metal
6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Ytterbium Metal
26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

30.80 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Tungsten Metal
4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

100.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 53 (Overall)
Zinc Metal
7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

6.19 kJ/mol
Rank: 50 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

113.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 56 (Overall)
Mercury Metal
61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

51.80 J/mol.K
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
9.5 198.1