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Scandium
Scandium




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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

Sc

1.2 Group Number

3
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Gadolinium
0 17

1.3 Period Number

4
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Lithium
2 7

1.4 Block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

7440202
Rank: 59 (Overall)
Aluminium
7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Plutonium
11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .

2.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Lars Fredrik Nilson

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1879

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

3 * 10-6 %
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Thallium
5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.000004 %
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %
Rank: 18 (Overall)
Gold
1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %
Rank: 23 (Overall)
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Radium
1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

NA

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

60% - Transition Metals Metals have it !

3.2.3 In Blood

0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Plutonium
0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.
Rank: 34 (Overall)
Plutonium
0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,539.00 °C
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Francium
27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,832.00 °C
Rank: 35 (Overall)
Flerovium
147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery White

4.3.3 Luster

Lustrous

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

750.00 MPa
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Cesium
0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Palladium
121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Thallium
818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
58 97

4.7 Allotropes

6% - Transition Metals Metals have it !

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

Sc

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

13
Rank: 26 (Overall)
Tennessine
0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.36
Rank: 29 (Overall)
Francium
0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.02
Rank: 21 (Overall)
Cesium
0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.20
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Cesium
0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.19
Rank: 36 (Overall)
Cesium
0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.64
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Gold
1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

633.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 46 (Overall)
Cesium
375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,235.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 57 (Overall)
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,388.60 kJ/mol
Rank: 52 (Overall)
Osmium
1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

7,090.60 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Thorium
2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

8,843.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Dubnium
4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

10,679.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

13,310.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Bohrium
7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

15,250.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Hassium
8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

17,370.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Yttrium
14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

21,726.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Strontium
17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

24,102.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Yttrium
19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

66,320.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Molybdenum
22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

73,010.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Molybdenum
26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

80,160.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Molybdenum
29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

89,490.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Manganese
41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

97,400.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Iron
47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

105,600.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Cobalt
52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

117,000.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Nickel
58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

124,270.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Copper
64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
Molybdenum
80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
Molybdenum
87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.56 g/amp-hr
Rank: 67 (Overall)
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

3.50 eV
Rank: 31 (Overall)
Cesium
2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

21
Rank: 85 (Overall)
Lithium
3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d1 4s2

6.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

21
Rank: 84 (Overall)
Lithium
3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

24
Rank: 63 (Overall)
Lithium
4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

21
Rank: 84 (Overall)
Lithium
3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

162.00 pm
Rank: 26 (Overall)
Beryllium
112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

170.00 pm
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Beryllium
96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

211.00 pm
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Zinc
139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

44.96 amu
Rank: 79 (Overall)
Lithium
6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

15.00 cm3/mol
Rank: 34 (Overall)
Manganese
1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

58.00 (-eV)
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Francium
8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

330.90 pm
Rank: 49 (Overall)
Beryllium
228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

1.59
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Beryllium
1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

2.99 g/cm3
Rank: 73 (Overall)
Lithium
0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

2.80 g/cm3
Rank: 51 (Overall)
Lithium
0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Indium
2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Cerium
2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

91.30 (Pa)
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

29.10 GPa
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Potassium
1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

56.60 GPa
Rank: 21 (Overall)
Cesium
1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

74.40 GPa
Rank: 26 (Overall)
Cesium
1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.28
Rank: 18 (Overall)
Beryllium
0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

NA

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

2.99
Rank: 61 (Overall)
Lithium
0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

562.00 nΩ·m
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Thallium
0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.02 106/cm Ω
Rank: 46 (Overall)
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

18.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 33 (Overall)
Mercury
0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.60 J/(kg K)
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Americium
0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.52 J/mol·K
Rank: 37 (Overall)
Beryllium
16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

15.80 W/m·K
Rank: 53 (Overall)
Neptunium
6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Ytterbium
26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

10.20 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 39 (Overall)
Tungsten
4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

314.20 kJ/mol
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Zinc
7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

14.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Cesium
2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

343.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Mercury
61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

34.60 J/mol.K
Rank: 44 (Overall)
Beryllium
9.5 198.1