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Hafnium
Hafnium

Ruthenium
Ruthenium



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Hafnium vs Ruthenium

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Periodic Table

Symbol

Hf
Ru

Group Number

48
0 17
👆🏻

Period Number

65
2 7
👆🏻

Block

d block
d block

Element Family

Transition Metal
Transition Metal

CAS Number

74405867440188
7429905 54386242
👆🏻

Space Group Name

P63/mmc
P63/mmc

Space Group Number

194.00194.00
11 229
👆🏻

Facts

Interesting Facts

  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.

Sources

By-product Zirconium Refining
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining

History

Who Discovered

Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Karl Ernst Claus

Discovery

In 1922
In 1844

Abundance

Abundance In Universe

0.00 %0.00 %
5E-09 0.11
👆🏻

Abundance In Sun

0.00 %0.00 %
1E-08 0.1
👆🏻

Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.00 %
1.7E-07 22
👆🏻

Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.00 %
9.9E-12 8.1
👆🏻

Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %
2E-23 1.1
👆🏻

Abundance In Humans

NANA
1E-13 1.4
👆🏻

Uses

Uses & Benefits

  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.

Industrial Uses

Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Medical Uses

NA
Medical Research

Other Uses

Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys

Biological Properties

Toxicity

Toxic
Low Toxic

Present in Human Body

In Blood

NANA
0 1970
👆🏻

In Bone

NANA
0 170000
👆🏻

Physical

Melting Point

2,150.00 °C2,250.00 °C
27 3410
👆🏻

Boiling Point

5,400.00 °C3,900.00 °C
147 5660
👆🏻

Appearance

Physical State

Solid
Solid

Color

Gray
Silvery White

Luster

Metallic
Metallic

Hardness

Mohs Hardness

5.506.50
0.2 8.5
👆🏻

Brinell Hardness

1,450.00 MPa2,160.00 MPa
0.14 3490
👆🏻

Vickers Hardness

1,520.00 MPaNA
121 3430
👆🏻

Speed of Sound

3,010.00 m/s5,970.00 m/s
818 16200
👆🏻

Optical Properties

Refractive Index

NANA
1.000933 1.7229
👆🏻

Reflectivity

NANA
58 97
👆🏻

Allotropes

α Allotropes

Not Available
Not Available

β Allotropes

Not Available
Not Available

γ Allotropes

Not Available
Not Available

Chemical

Chemical Formula

Hf
Ru

Isotopes

Known Isotopes

3226
0 38
👆🏻

Electronegativity

Pauling Electronegativity

1.302.20
0.7 2.54
👆🏻

Sanderson Electronegativity

NANA
0.22 2.56
👆🏻

Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.231.42
0.86 1.82
👆🏻

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA
0.62 2.48
👆🏻

Allen Electronegativity

1.161.54
0.659 2.7
👆🏻

Electropositivity

Pauling Electropositivity

2.701.80
1.46 3.3
👆🏻

Ionization Energies

1st Energy Level

658.50 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
375.7 26130
👆🏻

2nd Energy Level

1,440.00 kJ/mol710.22 kJ/mol
710.2162 28750
👆🏻

3rd Energy Level

2,250.00 kJ/mol2,747.00 kJ/mol
1600 34230
👆🏻

4th Energy Level

3,216.00 kJ/molNA
2780 37066
👆🏻

5th Energy Level

NANA
4305.2 97510
👆🏻

6th Energy Level

NANA
5715.8 105800
👆🏻

7th Energy level

NANA
7226.8 114300
👆🏻

8th Energy Level

NANA
8857.4 125300
👆🏻

9th Energy Level

NANA
14110 134700
👆🏻

10th Energy Level

NANA
17100 144300
👆🏻

11th Energy Level

NANA
19900 169988
👆🏻

12th Energy Level

NANA
22219 189368
👆🏻

13th Energy Level

NANA
26930 76015
👆🏻

14th Energy Level

NANA
29196 86450
👆🏻

15th Energy Level

NANA
41987 97510
👆🏻

16th Energy Level

NANA
47206 109480
👆🏻

17th Energy Level

NANA
52737 122200
👆🏻

18th Energy Level

NANA
58570 134810
👆🏻

19th Energy Level

NANA
64702 148700
👆🏻

20th Energy Level

NANA
80400 171200
👆🏻

21st Energy Level

NANA
87000 179100
👆🏻

22nd Energy Level

NANA
93400 184900
👆🏻

23rd Energy Level

NANA
98420 198800
👆🏻

24th Energy Level

NANA
104400 195200
👆🏻

25th Energy Level

NANA
121900 121900
👆🏻

26th Energy Level

NANA
127700 127700
👆🏻

27th Energy Level

NANA
133800 133800
👆🏻

28th Energy Level

NANA
139800 139800
👆🏻

29th Energy Level

NANA
148100 148100
👆🏻

30th Energy Level

NANA
154500 154500
👆🏻

Electrochemical Equivalent

1.66 g/amp-hr1.26 g/amp-hr
0.16812 8.3209
👆🏻

Electron Work Function

3.90 eV4.71 eV
2.14 5.65
👆🏻

Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Atomic

Atomic Number

7244
3 117
👆🏻

Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Kr] 4d7 5s1

Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

Crystal Lattice

Atom

Number of Protons

7244
3 117
👆🏻

Number of Neutrons

10657
4 184
👆🏻

Number of Electrons

7244
3 117
👆🏻

Radius of an Atom

Atomic Radius

159.00 pm134.00 pm
112 265
👆🏻

Covalent Radius

175.00 pm146.00 pm
96 260
👆🏻

Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm200.00 pm
139 348
👆🏻

Atomic Weight

178.49 amu101.07 amu
6.94 294
👆🏻

Atomic Volume

13.60 cm3/mol8.30 cm3/mol
1.39 71.07
👆🏻

Adjacent Atomic Numbers

Previous Element

Next Element

Valence Electron Potential

81.00 (-eV)64.00 (-eV)
8 392.42
👆🏻

Lattice Constant

319.64 pm270.59 pm
228.58 891.25
👆🏻

Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

Lattice C/A Ratio

1.581.58
1.567 1.886
👆🏻

Mechanical

Density

Density At Room Temperature

13.31 g/cm312.45 g/cm3
0.534 40.7
👆🏻

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

12.00 g/cm310.65 g/cm3
0.512 20
👆🏻

Tensile Strength

445.00 MPaNA
2.5 11000
👆🏻

Viscosity

NANA
0.001526 0.001526
👆🏻

Vapor Pressure

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA
2.47E-11 121
👆🏻

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10 774
👆🏻

Elasticity properties

Shear Modulus

30.00 GPa173.00 GPa
1.3 222
👆🏻

Bulk Modulus

110.00 GPa220.00 GPa
1.6 462
👆🏻

Young's Modulus

78.00 GPa447.00 GPa
1.7 528
👆🏻

Poisson Ratio

0.370.30
0.032 0.47
👆🏻

Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable

Magnetic

Magnetic Characteristics

Specific Gravity

13.3112.45
0.53 4500
👆🏻

Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic

Permeability

NANA
1.25643E-06 0.0063
👆🏻

Susceptibility

NANA
-0.000166 200000
👆🏻

Electrical Properties

Electrical Property

Conductor
Conductor

Resistivity

331.00 nΩ·m71.00 nΩ·m
0.18 961
👆🏻

Electrical Conductivity

0.03 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0.00666 0.63
👆🏻

Electron Affinity

0.00 kJ/mol101.30 kJ/mol
0 222.8
👆🏻

Thermal

Specific Heat

0.14 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
0.11 3.6
👆🏻

Molar Heat Capacity

25.73 J/mol·K24.06 J/mol·K
16.443 62.7
👆🏻

Thermal Conductivity

23.00 W/m·K117.00 W/m·K
6.3 429
👆🏻

Critical Temperature

NANA
26.3 3223
👆🏻

Thermal Expansion

5.90 µm/(m·K)6.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5 97
👆🏻

Enthalpy

Enthalpy of Vaporization

661.10 kJ/mol567.80 kJ/mol
7.32 799.1
👆🏻

Enthalpy of Fusion

25.10 kJ/mol25.50 kJ/mol
2.1 35.23
👆🏻

Enthalpy of Atomization

703.00 kJ/mol603.00 kJ/mol
61.5 837
👆🏻

Standard Molar Entropy

43.60 J/mol.K28.50 J/mol.K
9.5 198.1
👆🏻