Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf
Ru
Group Number
48
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
65
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
74405867440188
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00194.00
11
229
👆🏻
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Karl Ernst Claus
Discovery
In 1922
In 1844
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
5E-09
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-08
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
1.7E-07
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
9.9E-12
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
2E-23
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
NANA
1E-13
1.4
👆🏻
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
NANA
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
NANA
0
170000
👆🏻
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C2,250.00 °C
27
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C3,900.00 °C
147
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.506.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa2,160.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPaNA
121
3430
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s5,970.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
NANA
1.000933
1.7229
👆🏻
Reflectivity
NANA
58
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf
Ru
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
3226
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.302.20
0.7
2.54
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
NANA
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.231.42
0.86
1.82
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NANA
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.161.54
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.701.80
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol710.22 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol2,747.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
NANA
4305.2
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
NANA
5715.8
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
NANA
7226.8
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
NANA
8857.4
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
NANA
14110
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
NANA
17100
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
NANA
19900
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
NANA
22219
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
NANA
26930
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
NANA
29196
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
NANA
41987
97510
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
NANA
47206
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
NANA
52737
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
NANA
58570
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
NANA
64702
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
NANA
80400
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
NANA
87000
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
NANA
93400
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
NANA
98420
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
NANA
104400
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
NANA
121900
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
NANA
127700
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
NANA
133800
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
NANA
139800
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
NANA
148100
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
NANA
154500
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr1.26 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV4.71 eV
2.14
5.65
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic
Atomic Number
7244
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
7244
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
10657
4
184
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
7244
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm134.00 pm
112
265
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm146.00 pm
96
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu101.07 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol8.30 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)64.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm270.59 pm
228.58
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.581.58
1.567
1.886
👆🏻
Mechanical
Density
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm312.45 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm310.65 g/cm3
0.512
20
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPaNA
2.5
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
NANA
0.001526
0.001526
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NANA
2.47E-11
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa173.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa220.00 GPa
1.6
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa447.00 GPa
1.7
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.370.30
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.3112.45
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
NANA
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
NANA
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m71.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol101.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K24.06 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K117.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
NANA
26.3
3223
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)6.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol567.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol25.50 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol603.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K28.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻