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Hafnium
Hafnium

Ruthenium
Ruthenium



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Hafnium
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Ruthenium

Hafnium Ruthenium Comparison

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Hf
Ru
1.2 Group Number
Tennessine Metal
4
Rank: 14 (Overall)
8
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Gadolinium Metal
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1.3 Period Number
Uranium Metal
6
Rank: 2 (Overall)
5
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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1.5 Block
d block
d block
1.6 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.7 CAS Number
Roentgenium Met..
7440586
Rank: 30 (Overall)
7440188
Rank: 61 (Overall)
Aluminium Metal
1.8 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
1.9 Space Group Number
Sodium Metal
194.00
Rank: 5 (Overall)
194.00
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
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2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
2.2 Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Karl Ernst Claus
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1922
In 1844
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
Iron Metal
7 * 10-8 %
Rank: 25 (Overall)
4 * 10-7 %
Rank: 20 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
2.4.3 Abundance In Sun
Iron Metal
~0.0000001 %
Rank: 26 (Overall)
~0.0000005 %
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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2.4.4 Abundance In Meteorites
Iron Metal
0.00 %
Rank: 37 (Overall)
0.00 %
Rank: 26 (Overall)
Gold Metal
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2.4.6 Abundance In Earth's Crust
Aluminium Metal
0.00 %
Rank: 31 (Overall)
0.00 %
Rank: 54 (Overall)
Radium Metal
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2.4.8 Abundance In Oceans
Sodium Metal
0.00 %
Rank: 27 (Overall)
0.00 %
Rank: 38 (Overall)
Protactinium Metal
2.4.10 Abundance In Humans
Calcium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Radium Metal
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3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Medical Research
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Toxic
Low Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
60% Transition Metals Metals have it !
60% Transition Metals Metals have it !
3.2.3 In Blood
Sodium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
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3.2.5 In Bone
Calcium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
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4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
Tungsten Metal
2,150.00 °C
Rank: 10 (Overall)
2,250.00 °C
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Francium Metal
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4.2 Boiling Point
Tungsten Metal
5,400.00 °C
Rank: 5 (Overall)
3,900.00 °C
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Flerovium Metal
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4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Gray
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
Metallic
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
Chromium Metal
5.50
Rank: 7 (Overall)
6.50
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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4.4.3 Brinell Hardness
Osmium Metal
1,450.00 MPa
Rank: 6 (Overall)
2,160.00 MPa
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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4.4.5 Vickers Hardness
Tungsten Metal
1,520.00 MPa
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Palladium Metal
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4.5 Speed of Sound
Technetium Metal
3,010.00 m/s
Rank: 27 (Overall)
5,970.00 m/s
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
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4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
Palladium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury Metal
4.6.3 Reflectivity
Silver Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
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4.7 Allotropes
6% Transition Metals Metals have it !
6% Transition Metals Metals have it !
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Hf
Ru
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
Palladium Metal
32
Rank: 7 (Overall)
26
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Tennessine Metal
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5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
Gold Metal
1.30
Rank: 32 (Overall)
2.20
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Francium Metal
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5.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
Cobalt Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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5.3.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Gallium Metal
1.23
Rank: 25 (Overall)
1.42
Rank: 18 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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5.3.7 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Polonium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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5.3.8 Allen Electronegativity
Berkelium Metal
1.16
Rank: 37 (Overall)
1.54
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
Francium Metal
2.70
Rank: 22 (Overall)
1.80
Rank: 49 (Overall)
Gold Metal
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5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
Chromium Metal
658.50 kJ/mol
Rank: 40 (Overall)
710.20 kJ/mol
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
Chromium Metal
1,440.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 44 (Overall)
710.22 kJ/mol
Rank: 83 (Overall)
Ruthenium Metal
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5.5.4 3rd Energy Level
Chromium Metal
2,250.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 60 (Overall)
2,747.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 37 (Overall)
Osmium Metal
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5.5.6 4th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
3,216.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 63 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Thorium Metal
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5.5.7 5th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Dubnium Metal
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5.5.9 6th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Seaborgium Metal
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5.5.11 7th Energy level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bohrium Metal
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5.5.13 8th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Hassium Metal
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5.5.14 9th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Yttrium Metal
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5.5.15 10th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Strontium Metal
5.5.17 11th Energy Level
Magnesium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Yttrium Metal
5.5.19 12th Energy Level
Magnesium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.21 13th Energy Level
Titanium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.23 14th Energy Level
Vanadium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.25 15th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Manganese Metal
5.5.27 16th Energy Level
Manganese Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Iron Metal
5.5.29 17th Energy Level
Iron Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cobalt Metal
5.6.1 18th Energy Level
Cobalt Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nickel Metal
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5.6.2 19th Energy Level
Nickel Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Copper Metal
5.7.1 20th Energy Level
Zinc Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.7.2 21st Energy Level
Zinc Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
6.1.1 22nd Energy Level
Copper Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
6.1.2 23rd Energy Level
Copper Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
6.4.2 24th Energy Level
Iron Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
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6.4.3 25th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
6.4.5 26th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
6.4.6 27th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
6.4.8 28th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
6.4.9 29th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
6.5.2 30th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
6.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
Francium Metal
1.66 g/amp-hr
Rank: 44 (Overall)
1.26 g/amp-hr
Rank: 51 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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6.7 Electron Work Function
Platinum Metal
3.90 eV
Rank: 27 (Overall)
4.71 eV
Rank: 9 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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6.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
7 Atomic
7.1 Atomic Number
Tennessine Metal
72
Rank: 44 (Overall)
44
Rank: 68 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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7.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
7.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
7.3.1 Crystal Lattice
7.4 Atom
7.4.1 Number of Protons
Tennessine Metal
72
Rank: 43 (Overall)
44
Rank: 67 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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7.4.2 Number of Neutrons
Flerovium Metal
106
Rank: 29 (Overall)
57
Rank: 50 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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7.5.1 Number of Electrons
Tennessine Metal
72
Rank: 43 (Overall)
44
Rank: 67 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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7.6 Radius of an Atom
7.6.1 Atomic Radius
Cesium Metal
159.00 pm
Rank: 28 (Overall)
134.00 pm
Rank: 43 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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7.7.1 Covalent Radius
Francium Metal
175.00 pm
Rank: 23 (Overall)
146.00 pm
Rank: 38 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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7.9.1 Van der Waals Radius
Francium Metal
200.00 pm
Rank: 28 (Overall)
200.00 pm
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Zinc Metal
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7.11 Atomic Weight
Tennessine Metal
178.49 amu
Rank: 39 (Overall)
101.07 amu
Rank: 62 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
7.12 Atomic Volume
Cesium Metal
13.60 cm3/mol
Rank: 38 (Overall)
8.30 cm3/mol
Rank: 59 (Overall)
Manganese Metal
7.15 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
7.15.1 Previous Element
7.15.2 Next Element
7.16 Valence Electron Potential
Platinum Metal
81.00 (-eV)
Rank: 16 (Overall)
64.00 (-eV)
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Francium Metal
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8.2 Lattice Constant
Manganese Metal
319.64 pm
Rank: 55 (Overall)
270.59 pm
Rank: 67 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
8.3 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
8.4 Lattice C/A Ratio
Cadmium Metal
1.58
Rank: 12 (Overall)
1.58
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
9 Mechanical
9.1 Density
9.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
Hassium Metal
13.31 g/cm3
Rank: 26 (Overall)
12.45 g/cm3
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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9.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Osmium Metal
12.00 g/cm3
Rank: 12 (Overall)
10.65 g/cm3
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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9.3 Tensile Strength
Iron Metal
445.00 MPa
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Indium Metal
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9.5 Viscosity
Mercury Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury Metal
9.7 Vapor Pressure
9.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Strontium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cerium Metal
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9.7.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Chromium Metal
0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 24 (Overall)
0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 23 (Overall)
Tungsten Metal
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9.8 Elasticity properties
9.8.1 Shear Modulus
Osmium Metal
30.00 GPa
Rank: 23 (Overall)
173.00 GPa
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Potassium Metal
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9.8.2 Bulk Modulus
Osmium Metal
110.00 GPa
Rank: 15 (Overall)
220.00 GPa
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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9.9.2 Young's Modulus
Iridium Metal
78.00 GPa
Rank: 25 (Overall)
447.00 GPa
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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9.10 Poisson Ratio
Gallium Metal
0.37
Rank: 7 (Overall)
0.30
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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9.11 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
10 Magnetic
10.1 Magnetic Characteristics
10.1.1 Specific Gravity
Cobalt Metal
13.31
Rank: 18 (Overall)
12.45
Rank: 19 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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10.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
10.1.3 Permeability
Iron Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth Metal
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10.2.1 Susceptibility
Iron Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth Metal
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11.2 Electrical Properties
11.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
11.2.2 Resistivity
Mercury Metal
331.00 nΩ·m
Rank: 14 (Overall)
71.00 nΩ·m
Rank: 38 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
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11.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
Silver Metal
0.03 106/cm Ω
Rank: 39 (Overall)
0.14 106/cm Ω
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
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11.2.6 Electron Affinity
Gold Metal
0.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 40 (Overall)
101.30 kJ/mol
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Mercury Metal
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12 Thermal
12.1 Specific Heat
Lithium Metal
0.14 J/(kg K)
Rank: 37 (Overall)
0.24 J/(kg K)
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Americium Metal
12.2 Molar Heat Capacity
Americium Metal
25.73 J/mol·K
Rank: 36 (Overall)
24.06 J/mol·K
Rank: 54 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
12.4 Thermal Conductivity
Silver Metal
23.00 W/m·K
Rank: 41 (Overall)
117.00 W/m·K
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Neptunium Metal
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12.5 Critical Temperature
Lithium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Ytterbium Metal
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12.6 Thermal Expansion
Cesium Metal
5.90 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 54 (Overall)
6.40 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 51 (Overall)
Tungsten Metal
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12.7 Enthalpy
12.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
Tungsten Metal
661.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 5 (Overall)
567.80 kJ/mol
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Zinc Metal
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13.1.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
Tungsten Metal
25.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 8 (Overall)
25.50 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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13.2.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
Tungsten Metal
703.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 5 (Overall)
603.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 9 (Overall)
Mercury Metal
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13.3 Standard Molar Entropy
Protactinium Me..
43.60 J/mol.K
Rank: 34 (Overall)
28.50 J/mol.K
Rank: 54 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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