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Scandium
Scandium




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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

Sc

1.2 Group Number

3
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Gadolinium Metal
0 17

1.3 Period Number

4
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
2 7

1.4 Block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

7440202
Rank: 59 (Overall)
Aluminium Metal
7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .

2.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Lars Fredrik Nilson

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1879

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

3 * 10-6 %
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.000004 %
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %
Rank: 18 (Overall)
Gold Metal
1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %
Rank: 23 (Overall)
Radium Metal
9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Protactinium Metal
2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Radium Metal
1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

NA

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

60% - Transition Metals Metals have it !

3.2.3 In Blood

0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.
Rank: 34 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,539.00 °C
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Francium Metal
27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,832.00 °C
Rank: 35 (Overall)
Flerovium Metal
147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery White

4.3.3 Luster

Lustrous

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

750.00 MPa
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Palladium Metal
121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Thallium Metal
818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury Metal
1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
58 97

4.7 Allotropes

6% - Transition Metals Metals have it !

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

Sc

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

13
Rank: 26 (Overall)
Tennessine Metal
0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.36
Rank: 29 (Overall)
Francium Metal
0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.02
Rank: 21 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.20
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.19
Rank: 36 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.64
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Gold Metal
1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

633.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 46 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,235.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 57 (Overall)
Ruthenium Metal
710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,388.60 kJ/mol
Rank: 52 (Overall)
Osmium Metal
1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

7,090.60 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Thorium Metal
2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

8,843.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Dubnium Metal
4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

10,679.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Seaborgium Metal
5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

13,310.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Bohrium Metal
7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

15,250.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Hassium Metal
8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

17,370.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Yttrium Metal
14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

21,726.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Strontium Metal
17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

24,102.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Yttrium Metal
19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

66,320.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

73,010.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

80,160.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

89,490.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Manganese Metal
41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

97,400.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Iron Metal
47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

105,600.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Cobalt Metal
52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

117,000.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Nickel Metal
58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

124,270.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Copper Metal
64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.56 g/amp-hr
Rank: 67 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

3.50 eV
Rank: 31 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

21
Rank: 85 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d1 4s2

6.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

21
Rank: 84 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

24
Rank: 63 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

21
Rank: 84 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

162.00 pm
Rank: 26 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

170.00 pm
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

211.00 pm
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Zinc Metal
139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

44.96 amu
Rank: 79 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

15.00 cm3/mol
Rank: 34 (Overall)
Manganese Metal
1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

58.00 (-eV)
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Francium Metal
8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

330.90 pm
Rank: 49 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

1.59
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

2.99 g/cm3
Rank: 73 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

2.80 g/cm3
Rank: 51 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Indium Metal
2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury Metal
0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Cerium Metal
2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

91.30 (Pa)
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Tungsten Metal
2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

29.10 GPa
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Potassium Metal
1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

56.60 GPa
Rank: 21 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

74.40 GPa
Rank: 26 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.28
Rank: 18 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

NA

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

2.99
Rank: 61 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth Metal
1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth Metal
-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

562.00 nΩ·m
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.02 106/cm Ω
Rank: 46 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

18.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 33 (Overall)
Mercury Metal
0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.60 J/(kg K)
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Americium Metal
0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.52 J/mol·K
Rank: 37 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

15.80 W/m·K
Rank: 53 (Overall)
Neptunium Metal
6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Ytterbium Metal
26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

10.20 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 39 (Overall)
Tungsten Metal
4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

314.20 kJ/mol
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Zinc Metal
7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

14.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

343.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Mercury Metal
61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

34.60 J/mol.K
Rank: 44 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
9.5 198.1