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Ruthenium vs Lawrencium

Ruthenium
Lawrencium
Lawrencium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru   
Lr   
Group Number
8   
10
Not Available   
Period Number
5   
7   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440188   
99+
22537195   
15
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • It is synthetically produced metal.
  • Radiation hazard can be produce by it.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Bombarding Californium-252 with Boron Nuclei, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus   
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research   
Discovery
In 1844   
In 1961–1971   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %   
20
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %   
22
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
26
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Currently known uses of Lawrencium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Unknown   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C   
8
1,627.00 °C   
20
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C   
14
Not Available   
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Unknown Luster   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50   
5
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa   
3
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s   
4
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru   
Lr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
10   
28
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.54   
25
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
470.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
1,428.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
2,228.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,910.00 kJ/mol   
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.23 g/amp-hr   
11
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV   
9
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44   
99+
103   
15
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
[Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44   
99+
103   
15
Number of Neutrons
57   
99+
157   
7
Number of Electrons
44   
99+
103   
15
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
Not Available   
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
Not Available   
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
246.00 pm   
8
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu   
99+
266.00 amu   
12
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Nobelium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Rutherfordium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
NA   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
11
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3   
27
Not Available   
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3   
16
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa   
4
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa   
7
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa   
3
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.32   
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Unknown   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45   
19
Not Available   
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Unknown   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
Not Available   
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K   
13
Not Available   
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
Not Available   
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