Erbium vs Californium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Er
Cf
Group Number
Not Available
Not Available
Period Number
6
7
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Actinide
CAS Number
7440520
35
7440713
20
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
- Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
- Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
- Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
Sources
Mining
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
History
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Discovery
In 1842
In 1950
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
36
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
32
Not Available
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
36
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
- Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
- Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
- It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
In Bone
Not Available
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C
28
900.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C
99+
1,470.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
Lustrous
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa
11
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa
19
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s
28
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er
Cf
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
31
8
20
19
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24
36
1.30
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.20
27
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76
18
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol
99+
608.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,206.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,267.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
3,599.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr
28
3.12 g/amp-hr
15
Electron Work Function
Not Available
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68
99+
98
20
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
68
99+
98
20
Number of Neutrons
99
33
153
9
Number of Electrons
68
99+
98
20
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
186.00 pm
9
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm
19
Not Available
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu
99+
251.00 amu
17
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol
25
Not Available
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)
29
44.50 (-eV)
38
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm
39
338.00 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3
99+
15.10 g/cm3
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3
23
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
20
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa
25
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa
27
Not Available
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa
29
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.24
28
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable
Malleable, Sectile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.07
32
15.10
13
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Unknown
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m
99+
Not Available
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Not Available
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)
34
Not Available
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K
11
Not Available
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K
99+
Not Available
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)
31
Not Available
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol
35
Not Available
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol
15
Not Available
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol
33
Not Available
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K
11
Not Available
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