Thallium vs Titanium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl
Ti
Group Number
13
5
4
14
Period Number
6
4
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440280
99+
7440326
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
- The only metal which burns in Nitrogen is Titanium.
- Titanium is also known as corrosion resistant metal.
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
William Crookes
W. Gregor & J. Berzelius
Discovery
In 1861
In 1791
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %
32
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.05 %
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.66 %
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
- Its alloys are used in spacecraft, aircraft and ammunition industry.
- Its pipes are used in distillation plants, submarines, hulls of big ships, etc.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3
16
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
33
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C
99+
1,660.00 °C
18
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C
99+
3,287.00 °C
22
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray-White
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.20
20
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa
99+
716.00 MPa
15
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
830.00 MPa
14
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s
99+
5,090.00 m/s
9
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl
Ti
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
23
16
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62
21
1.54
26
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25
5
1.09
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44
17
1.32
23
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96
6
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.79
13
1.38
32
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38
33
2.46
28
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
658.80 kJ/mol
39
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
1,309.80 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
2,652.50 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
4,174.60 kJ/mol
32
5th Energy Level
Not Available
9,581.00 kJ/mol
5
6th Energy Level
Not Available
11,533.00 kJ/mol
6
7th Energy level
Not Available
13,590.00 kJ/mol
6
8th Energy Level
Not Available
16,440.00 kJ/mol
8
9th Energy Level
Not Available
18,530.00 kJ/mol
11
10th Energy Level
Not Available
20,833.00 kJ/mol
15
11th Energy Level
Not Available
25,575.00 kJ/mol
14
12th Energy Level
Not Available
28,125.00 kJ/mol
14
13th Energy Level
Not Available
76,015.00 kJ/mol
1
14th Energy Level
Not Available
83,280.00 kJ/mol
2
15th Energy Level
Not Available
90,880.00 kJ/mol
3
16th Energy Level
Not Available
100,700.00 kJ/mol
4
17th Energy Level
Not Available
109,100.00 kJ/mol
5
18th Energy Level
Not Available
117,800.00 kJ/mol
6
19th Energy Level
Not Available
129,900.00 kJ/mol
7
20th Energy Level
Not Available
137,530.00 kJ/mol
9
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
0.45 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV
28
4.33 eV
17
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81
35
22
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Titanium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
81
35
22
99+
Number of Neutrons
123
20
26
99+
Number of Electrons
81
35
22
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm
22
147.00 pm
34
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm
39
160.00 pm
30
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm
30
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu
31
47.87 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol
31
10.64 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)
99+
95.20 (-eV)
10
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm
99+
295.08 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60
6
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3
31
4.51 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3
13
4.11 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
434.00 MPa
9
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)
5
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.98 (Pa)
14
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa
99+
44.00 GPa
17
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa
28
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa
99+
116.00 GPa
18
Poisson Ratio
0.45
2
0.32
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.85
22
4.51
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
420.00 nΩ·m
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol
32
7.60 kJ/mol
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.52 J/(kg K)
9
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K
29
25.06 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K
33
21.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
8.60 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K
19
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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