Cerium vs Rubidium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce
Rb
Group Number
Not Available
1
17
Period Number
6
5
Block
f block
s block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Alkali
CAS Number
7440451
99+
7440177
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Obtained from Lithium Production.
History
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Discovery
In 1803
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.000003 %
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
27
0.00 %
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
18
0.01 %
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
33
0.00 %
7
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
NA
Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
30
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3
7
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.
14
5.00 p.p.m.
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
795.00 °C
99+
38.89 °C
99+
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C
23
688.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Grayish White
Luster
Lustrous
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
0.30
24
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa
99+
0.22 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa
32
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s
99+
1,300.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ce
Rb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
30
9
29
10
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12
99+
0.82
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
0.31
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08
31
0.89
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
0.69
24
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
0.71
99+
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88
11
3.18
3
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol
99+
403.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,633.00 kJ/mol
6
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,860.00 kJ/mol
11
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol
99+
5,080.00 kJ/mol
18
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol
22
6,850.00 kJ/mol
19
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol
21
8,140.00 kJ/mol
20
7th Energy level
Not Available
9,570.00 kJ/mol
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available
13,120.00 kJ/mol
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available
14,500.00 kJ/mol
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available
26,740.00 kJ/mol
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr
99+
3.19 g/amp-hr
14
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV
39
2.16 eV
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
58
99+
37
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
[Kr] 5s1
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
58
99+
37
99+
Number of Neutrons
82
99+
48
99+
Number of Electrons
58
99+
37
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm
12
248.00 pm
2
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm
8
220.00 pm
4
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm
17
303.00 pm
3
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu
99+
85.47 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol
17
55.90 cm3/mol
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)
99+
9.47 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm
34
558.50 pm
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3
99+
1.53 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3
38
1.46 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
34
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)
13
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa
99+
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa
99+
2.50 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa
99+
2.40 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.24
27
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.77
99+
1.53
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m
3
128.00 nΩ·m
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω
24
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
46.90 kJ/mol
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)
32
0.36 J/(kg K)
17
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K
23
31.06 J/mol·K
5
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K
99+
58.20 W/m·K
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available
2,093.00 K
4
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
90.00 µm/(m·K)
2
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol
16
69.20 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol
99+
2.19 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol
23
82.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K
12
76.80 J/mol.K
5
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