Promethium vs Ruthenium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm
Ru
Group Number
Not Available
8
10
Period Number
6
5
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440122
99+
7440188
99+
Space Group Name
Not Available
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
Not Available
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
- Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe
Karl Ernst Claus
Discovery
In 1942
In 1844
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
4 * 10-7 %
20
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.0000005 %
22
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
0.00 %
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
38
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
- Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Medical Research
Other Uses
NA
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C
99+
2,250.00 °C
8
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C
31
3,900.00 °C
14
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Unknown
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
6.50
5
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
2,160.00 MPa
3
Speed of Sound
Not Available
5,970.00 m/s
4
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pm
Ru
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
27
12
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available
2.20
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07
32
1.42
18
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.54
25
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available
1.80
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol
99+
710.20 kJ/mol
32
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol
99+
710.22 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,747.00 kJ/mol
37
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol
38
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr
36
1.26 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
4.71 eV
9
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
61
99+
44
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
61
99+
44
99+
Number of Neutrons
84
40
57
99+
Number of Electrons
61
99+
44
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm
10
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm
12
146.00 pm
38
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm
16
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu
99+
101.07 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol
12
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)
39
64.00 (-eV)
22
Lattice Constant
Not Available
270.59 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
Unknown
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.58
11
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3
99+
12.45 g/cm3
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
10.65 g/cm3
16
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
23
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa
36
173.00 GPa
4
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa
36
220.00 GPa
7
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa
38
447.00 GPa
3
Poisson Ratio
0.28
17
0.30
14
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.26
99+
12.45
19
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m
99+
71.00 nΩ·m
38
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available
0.14 106/cm Ω
16
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
101.30 kJ/mol
10
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)
33
0.24 J/(kg K)
24
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available
24.06 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K
99+
117.00 W/m·K
13
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)
99+
6.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available
567.80 kJ/mol
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol
99+
25.50 kJ/mol
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol
34
603.00 kJ/mol
9
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
28.50 J/mol.K
99+
|
||
|
||
|
