Yttrium vs Palladium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Y
Pd
Group Number
3
15
10
8
Period Number
5
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440655
25
7440053
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
- Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin
William Hyde Wollaston
Discovery
In 1794
In 1803
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-7 %
17
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000003 %
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
21
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
25
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
- It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
26
Not Available
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C
27
1,554.90 °C
22
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C
21
2,963.00 °C
33
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
4.75
9
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa
22
320.00 MPa
33
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
121.00 MPa
36
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s
23
3,070.00 m/s
26
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
Not Available
1.72
1
Reflectivity
Not Available
84.00 %
4
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Y
Pd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
19
20
38
1
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22
38
2.20
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65
29
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.35
21
Allen Electronegativity
1.12
38
1.59
22
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78
16
1.80
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol
99+
520.23 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol
2
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol
3
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol
17
Not Available
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol
19
Not Available
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol
17
Not Available
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr
30
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV
35
5.12 eV
3
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
39
99+
46
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2
[Kr] 4d10
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
39
99+
46
99+
Number of Neutrons
50
99+
60
99+
Number of Electrons
39
99+
46
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm
14
137.00 pm
40
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm
18
139.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
163.00 pm
40
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu
99+
106.42 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol
21
8.90 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)
30
33.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm
31
389.07 pm
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
16
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3
99+
12.02 g/cm3
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3
99+
10.38 g/cm3
17
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
32
0.00 (Pa)
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)
10
0.00 (Pa)
30
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa
30
44.00 GPa
17
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa
30
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa
32
121.00 GPa
16
Poisson Ratio
0.24
26
0.39
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
4.47
99+
12.02
21
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m
8
105.40 nΩ·m
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω
22
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol
30
54.23 kJ/mol
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)
18
0.24 J/(kg K)
23
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K
27
25.98 J/mol·K
33
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K
99+
71.80 W/m·K
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)
37
11.80 µm/(m·K)
33
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol
18
376.60 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol
16
16.74 kJ/mol
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol
18
393.30 kJ/mol
22
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K
33
37.60 J/mol.K
40
|
||
|
||
|
