Thorium vs Gadolinium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
Gd
Group Number
0
18
0
18
Period Number
7
6
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Actinide
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440326
99+
7440542
33
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Discovery
In 1829
In 1880
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.0000002 %
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %
11
0.00 %
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %
7
0.00 %
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
38
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
Not Available
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
17
1,311.00 °C
35
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C
8
3,233.00 °C
25
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa
29
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa
29
510.00 MPa
22
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
36
2,680.00 m/s
34
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th
Gd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
28
11
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.20
39
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.11
29
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.80
15
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
593.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,990.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,250.00 kJ/mol
30
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
1.96 g/amp-hr
32
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV
32
3.10 eV
35
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90
28
64
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
90
28
64
99+
Number of Neutrons
142
15
93
37
Number of Electrons
90
28
64
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm
15
180.00 pm
14
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm
7
196.00 pm
14
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu
23
47.87 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
23
46.10 (-eV)
34
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm
14
363.60 pm
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.59
9
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
32
7.90 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
7.40 g/cm3
31
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
30
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
7.39 (Pa)
9
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa
21
21.80 GPa
33
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa
22
37.90 GPa
34
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
54.80 GPa
35
Poisson Ratio
0.27
20
0.26
23
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.70
23
7.90
40
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
22
1.31 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
30
37.03 J/mol·K
2
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
28
10.60 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
9.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
359.40 kJ/mol
21
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
10.05 kJ/mol
36
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
352.00 kJ/mol
27
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
68.10 J/mol.K
16
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