Terbium vs Thulium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tb
Tm
Group Number
Not Available
Not Available
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440279
99+
7440304
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- At times Terbium metal acts same as Calcium.
- Terbium metal closely similar to Lanthanum metal.
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Found with Other Rare Earth Metals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Per Teodor Cleve
Discovery
In 1842
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %
27
1 * 10-8 %
30
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000001 %
29
~0.00000002 %
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
40
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Terbium salts are used in optical devices like laser devices.
- Terbium’s alloy lengthens and shortens the magnetic field and this effect forms loudspeaker.
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
Industrial Uses
Electronic Industry
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Unknown
Present in Human Body
No
No
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,356.00 °C
33
1,545.00 °C
23
Boiling Point
3,123.00 °C
29
1,730.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
677.00 MPa
17
471.00 MPa
25
Vickers Hardness
863.00 MPa
13
520.00 MPa
21
Speed of Sound
2,620.00 m/s
35
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tb
Tm
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available
1.25
35
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.10
30
1.11
29
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available
2.75
19
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol
99+
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,174.80 kJ/mol
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,417.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,203.00 kJ/mol
31
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.98 g/amp-hr
31
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
Electron Work Function
3.00 eV
36
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
65
99+
69
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f9 6s2
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Terbium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
65
99+
69
99+
Number of Neutrons
94
36
100
32
Number of Electrons
65
99+
69
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
177.00 pm
17
176.00 pm
18
Covalent Radius
194.00 pm
16
160.00 pm
30
Van der Waals Radius
221.00 pm
22
Not Available
Atomic Weight
158.93 amu
99+
168.93 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.20 cm3/mol
22
18.10 cm3/mol
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
46.80 (-eV)
33
49.70 (-eV)
28
Lattice Constant
360.10 pm
36
353.75 pm
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
13
1.57
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.23 g/cm3
99+
9.32 g/cm3
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.65 g/cm3
30
8.56 g/cm3
24
Tensile Strength
60.00 MPa
17
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
29
0.06 (Pa)
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
12.50 (Pa)
8
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
22.10 GPa
32
30.50 GPa
22
Bulk Modulus
38.70 GPa
33
44.50 GPa
26
Young's Modulus
55.70 GPa
34
74.00 GPa
27
Poisson Ratio
0.26
21
0.21
31
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.23
39
9.32
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
1.15 nΩ·m
99+
676.00 nΩ·m
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)
33
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
Molar Heat Capacity
28.91 J/mol·K
9
27.03 J/mol·K
22
Thermal Conductivity
11.10 W/m·K
99+
16.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
10.30 µm/(m·K)
38
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
330.90 kJ/mol
26
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.80 kJ/mol
34
16.80 kJ/mol
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol
33
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K
10
74.00 J/mol.K
9
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