Sodium vs Palladium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Na
Pd
Group Number
1
17
10
8
Period Number
3
5
Block
s block
d block
Element Family
Alkali
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440235
99+
7440053
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
229.00
1
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
- The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Mining
Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy
William Hyde Wollaston
Discovery
In 1807
In 1803
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-3 %
6
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.004 %
6
~0.0000003 %
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.55 %
6
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.30 %
5
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
1.10 %
1
Not Available
Abundance In Humans
0.14 %
3
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
- Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
1,970.00 Blood/mg dm-3
1
Not Available
In Bone
10,000.00 p.p.m.
2
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
97.72 °C
99+
1,554.90 °C
22
Boiling Point
883.00 °C
99+
2,963.00 °C
33
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
0.50
22
4.75
9
Brinell Hardness
0.69 MPa
99+
320.00 MPa
33
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
121.00 MPa
36
Speed of Sound
3,200.00 m/s
24
3,070.00 m/s
26
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
Not Available
1.72
1
Reflectivity
Not Available
84.00 %
4
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Na
Pd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
17
22
38
1
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
0.93
99+
2.20
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.56
30
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.01
35
1.35
21
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.91
21
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
0.87
99+
1.59
22
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.07
6
1.80
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol
99+
520.23 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
4,562.00 kJ/mol
4
7,298.22 kJ/mol
2
3rd Energy Level
6,910.30 kJ/mol
6
11,815.13 kJ/mol
3
4th Energy Level
9,543.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
5th Energy Level
13,354.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
6th Energy Level
16,613.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
7th Energy level
20,117.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
8th Energy Level
25,496.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
9th Energy Level
28,932.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
10th Energy Level
141,362.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
11th Energy Level
159,076.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.86 g/amp-hr
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr
30
Electron Work Function
2.75 eV
40
5.12 eV
3
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
11
99+
46
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s1
[Kr] 4d10
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
11
99+
46
99+
Number of Neutrons
12
99+
60
99+
Number of Electrons
11
99+
46
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm
9
137.00 pm
40
Covalent Radius
166.00 pm
27
139.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm
21
163.00 pm
40
Atomic Weight
22.99 amu
99+
106.42 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
23.70 cm3/mol
10
8.90 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
14.10 (-eV)
99+
33.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
429.06 pm
19
389.07 pm
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
0.97 g/cm3
99+
12.02 g/cm3
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.93 g/cm3
99+
10.38 g/cm3
17
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
30
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
3.30 GPa
99+
44.00 GPa
17
Bulk Modulus
6.30 GPa
99+
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
10.00 GPa
99+
121.00 GPa
16
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.39
5
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
0.97
99+
12.02
21
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
47.70 nΩ·m
99+
105.40 nΩ·m
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω
9
0.10 106/cm Ω
22
Electron Affinity
52.80 kJ/mol
19
54.23 kJ/mol
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.23 J/(kg K)
3
0.24 J/(kg K)
23
Molar Heat Capacity
28.23 J/mol·K
10
25.98 J/mol·K
33
Thermal Conductivity
142.00 W/m·K
11
71.80 W/m·K
23
Critical Temperature
2,573.00 K
2
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
71.00 µm/(m·K)
4
11.80 µm/(m·K)
33
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
89.04 kJ/mol
99+
376.60 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.59 kJ/mol
99+
16.74 kJ/mol
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
108.40 kJ/mol
99+
393.30 kJ/mol
22
Standard Molar Entropy
51.30 J/mol.K
28
37.60 J/mol.K
40
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