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Sodium vs Palladium

Sodium
Palladium
Palladium vs Sodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
-  
Pd  
Group Number
1  
17
10  
8
Period Number
3  
5  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440235  
99+
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
  • The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Mining  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1807  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
6
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.55 %  
6
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.30 %  
5
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
1.10 %  
1
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.14 %  
4
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
  • Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
1,970.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
1
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
10,000.00 p.p.m.  
2
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
97.72 °C  
99+
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
883.00 °C  
99+
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.50  
24
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
0.69 MPa  
99+
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
0.69 MPa  
99+
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,200.00 m/s  
35
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.33  
99+
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
53.00 %  
28
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
-  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.93  
99+
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.56  
99+
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.01  
36
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.91  
99+
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
0.87  
99+
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.07  
6
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
4,562.00 kJ/mol  
4
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
6,910.30 kJ/mol  
6
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
9,543.00 kJ/mol  
5
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
13,354.00 kJ/mol  
4
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
16,613.00 kJ/mol  
4
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
20,117.00 kJ/mol  
4
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
25,496.00 kJ/mol  
4
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
28,932.00 kJ/mol  
4
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
141,362.00 kJ/mol  
2
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
159,076.00 kJ/mol  
2
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
49,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
49,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
4,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
496.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
495.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
496.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.86 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
2.75 eV  
99+
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
11  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s1  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
11  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
12  
99+
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
11  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
166.00 pm  
29
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm  
26
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
22.99 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
23.70 cm3/mol  
14
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Beryllium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Magnesium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
14.10 (-eV)  
99+
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
429.06 pm  
22
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.01  
99+
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
0.97 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.93 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
10.00 MPa  
99+
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
5
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
3.30 GPa  
99+
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
6.30 GPa  
99+
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
10.00 GPa  
99+
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
0.97  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
6
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
47.70 nΩ·m  
99+
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω  
9
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
52.80 kJ/mol  
24
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
1.23 J/(kg K)  
3
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
28.23 J/mol·K  
13
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
142.00 W/m·K  
11
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
2,573.00 K  
10
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
71.00 µm/(m·K)  
4
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
89.04 kJ/mol  
99+
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.59 kJ/mol  
99+
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
108.40 kJ/mol  
99+
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
51.30 J/mol.K  
39
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
Periodic Table >>
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