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Palladium vs Copper

Palladium
Copper
Copper vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd   
Cu   
Group Number
10   
8
11   
7
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440053   
99+
7440508   
37
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
Sources
Ores of metals   
Found in Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1803   
In Middle East (9000 BCE)   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
6 * 10-6 %   
12
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %   
24
~0.00007 %   
12
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
17
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
8
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
8
In Bone
Not Available   
26.00 p.p.m.   
12
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C   
22
1,084.62 °C   
40
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C   
33
2,562.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Copper   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75   
9
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa   
33
235.00 MPa   
38
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa   
36
343.00 MPa   
28
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s   
26
3,810.00 m/s   
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72   
1
Not Available   
Reflectivity
84.00 %   
4
90.00 %   
3
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd   
Cu   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38   
1
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.90   
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35   
21
1.75   
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.49   
14
Allen Electronegativity
1.59   
22
1.85   
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.10   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
745.50 kJ/mol   
22
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
1,957.90 kJ/mol   
15
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
3,555.00 kJ/mol   
15
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,536.00 kJ/mol   
12
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,700.00 kJ/mol   
11
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,900.00 kJ/mol   
10
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
16,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
19,200.00 kJ/mol   
9
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,400.00 kJ/mol   
11
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
25,600.00 kJ/mol   
13
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
35,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
38,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
42,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
46,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
50,200.00 kJ/mol   
10
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
53,700.00 kJ/mol   
12
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
61,100.00 kJ/mol   
10
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
64,702.00 kJ/mol   
11
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
163,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
174,100.00 kJ/mol   
2
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
184,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
198,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
1.19 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV   
3
4.65 eV   
11
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46   
99+
29   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10   
[Ar] 3d10 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46   
99+
29   
99+
Number of Neutrons
60   
99+
35   
99+
Number of Electrons
46   
99+
29   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm   
40
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
132.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm   
40
140.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu   
99+
63.55 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
7.10 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Nickel
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Zinc
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
34.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm   
25
361.49 pm   
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3   
29
8.96 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3   
17
8.02 g/cm3   
27
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
1.53 (Pa)   
8
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa   
17
48.00 GPa   
15
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
140.00 GPa   
12
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa   
16
120.00 GPa   
17
Poisson Ratio
0.39   
5
0.34   
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02   
21
8.89   
34
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m   
5
Susceptibility
Not Available   
-9.63 * 10-6   
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
16.78 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
0.60 106/cm Ω   
2
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
0.38 J/(kg K)   
15
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
24.44 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K   
23
401.00 W/m·K   
2
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
16.50 µm/(m·K)   
25
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
283.70 kJ/mol   
33
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
7.11 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
338.90 kJ/mol   
29
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
33.20 J/mol.K   
99+
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