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What is Gold?
Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au
Group Number
11 7
Period Number
6 2
Block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440575 31
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00 3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
-
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 % 27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 % 26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 % 52
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 % 50
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 % 21
Abundance In Humans
0.00 % 21
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3 38
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m. 35
Physical
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C 42
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C 37
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Color
Gold
Luster
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50 15
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa 52
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa 51
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s 61
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
0.47 50
Reflectivity
95.00 % 2
Allotropes
No
α Allotropes
-
β Allotropes
-
γ Allotropes
-
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Au
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
36 3
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54 2
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.50 18
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42 19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87 15
Allen Electronegativity
1.92 7
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46 54
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol 8
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol 12
3rd Energy Level
2,856.00 kJ/mol 33
4th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol 79
5th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol 6
6th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol 24
7th Energy level
8,901.00 kJ/mol 21
8th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol 20
9th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol 20
10th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol 21
11th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol 19
12th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol 39
13th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol 14
14th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol 72
15th Energy Level
89,000.00 kJ/mol 7
16th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol 73
17th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol 25
18th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol 14
19th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol 23
20th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol 13
21st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol 35
22nd Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol 11
23rd Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol 38
24th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol 6
25th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol 5
26th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol 5
27th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol 4
28th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol 7
29th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol 8
30th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol 5
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr 25
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV 8
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic
Atomic Number
79 37
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
79 37
Number of Neutrons
118 24
Number of Electrons
79 37
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm 34
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm 42
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm 46
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu 33
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol 66
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
20
Next Element
8
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV) 42
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm 24
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61 18
Mechanical
Density
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3 15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3 16
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa 27
Viscosity
0.00 23
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa) 25
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa) 4
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa 34
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa 9
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa 26
Poisson Ratio
0.40 4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
19.32 17
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m 10
Susceptibility
0.00 22
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m 65
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω 3
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol 1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K) 40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K 49
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K 3
Critical Temperature
1,337.00 K 46
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K) 29
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol 42
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol 33
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol 34
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K 44
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