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Copper vs Palladium

Copper
Palladium
Palladium vs Copper


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu  
Pd  
Group Number
11  
7
10  
8
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440508  
37
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
2
225.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Found in Minerals  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-6 %  
12
2 * 10-7 %  
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.00007 %  
12
~0.0000003 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
13
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
17
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
8
Not Available  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
9
Not Available  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
NA  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
8
Not Available  
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.  
12
Not Available  
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C  
40
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C  
99+
2,963.00 °C  
33
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Copper  
Silver  
Luster
NA  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
12
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa  
38
320.00 MPa  
33
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa  
28
121.00 MPa  
36
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
19
3,070.00 m/s  
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available  
1.72  
1
Reflectivity
90.00 %  
3
84.00 %  
4
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cu  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90  
11
2.20  
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
9
Not Available  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
3
1.35  
21
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49  
14
Not Available  
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
9
1.59  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10  
99+
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
22
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol  
15
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol  
15
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol  
12
Not Available  
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
11
Not Available  
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol  
10
Not Available  
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
Not Available  
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
Not Available  
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol  
9
Not Available  
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
Not Available  
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol  
13
Not Available  
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
Not Available  
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
Not Available  
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
Not Available  
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
Not Available  
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
10
Not Available  
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
Not Available  
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
Not Available  
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol  
11
Not Available  
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
Not Available  
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
Not Available  
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
Not Available  
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
Not Available  
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr  
30
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV  
11
5.12 eV  
3
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
29  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
29  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
35  
99+
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
29  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
137.00 pm  
40
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
163.00 pm  
40
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Nickel
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Zinc
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)  
99+
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm  
35
389.07 pm  
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3  
27
10.38 g/cm3  
17
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)  
8
0.00 (Pa)  
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available  
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa  
15
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa  
12
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa  
17
121.00 GPa  
16
Poisson Ratio
0.34  
10
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.89  
34
12.02  
21
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m  
5
Not Available  
Susceptibility
-9.63 * 10-6  
4
Not Available  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m  
99+
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω  
2
0.10 106/cm Ω  
22
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
54.23 kJ/mol  
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)  
15
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K  
99+
25.98 J/mol·K  
33
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K  
2
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)  
25
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
33
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol  
33
376.60 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol  
99+
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol  
29
393.30 kJ/mol  
22
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K  
99+
37.60 J/mol.K  
40
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