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Copper vs Palladium

Copper
Palladium
Palladium vs Copper


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu  
Pd  
Group Number
11  
7
10  
8
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440508  
37
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Found in Minerals  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
13
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
17
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
8
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
8
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.  
12
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C  
40
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C  
99+
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Copper  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa  
99+
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa  
99+
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
26
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.10  
99+
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
90.00 %  
4
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cu  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90  
12
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
4
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49  
27
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
12
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10  
99+
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
22
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol  
15
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol  
15
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol  
21
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
17
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol  
16
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol  
9
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol  
11
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
18
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
24
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
25
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV  
16
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
29  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
29  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
35  
99+
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
29  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Nickel
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Zinc
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)  
99+
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm  
39
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.28  
99+
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
210.00 MPa  
19
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)  
8
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa  
15
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa  
12
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa  
19
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.34  
10
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.89  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
19
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
31
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m  
99+
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω  
2
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)  
15
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K  
99+
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K  
2
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
1,358.00 K  
99+
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)  
27
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol  
99+
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol  
99+
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol  
39
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K  
99+
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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