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Copper vs Chromium

Copper
Chromium
Chromium vs Copper


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu  
Cr  
Group Number
11  
7
6  
12
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440508  
37
7440473  
39
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
2
229.00  
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)  
In Between 1797 - 1798  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-6 %  
12
1.5 * 10-3 %  
7
Abundance In Sun
~0.00007 %  
12
~0.002 %  
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
13
0.30 %  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
17
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
NA  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
8
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.  
12
0.33 p.p.m.  
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C  
40
1,857.00 °C  
14
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C  
99+
2,672.00 °C  
39
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Copper  
Silver  
Luster
NA  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
12
8.50  
1
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa  
38
687.00 MPa  
16
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa  
28
1,060.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
19
5,940.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
90.00 %  
3
Not Available  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cu  
Cr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
21  
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90  
11
1.66  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
9
1.66  
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
3
1.56  
10
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49  
14
Not Available  
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
9
1.65  
19
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10  
99+
2.34  
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
22
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol  
15
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol  
15
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol  
12
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
11
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol  
10
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol  
9
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol  
13
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
13
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
10
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol  
11
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
Not Available  
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV  
11
4.50 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
29  
99+
24  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
29  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Neutrons
35  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
29  
99+
24  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
28
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu  
99+
52.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Nickel
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Zinc
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)  
99+
170.00 (-eV)  
4
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm  
35
291.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3  
99+
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3  
27
6.30 g/cm3  
40
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
689.00 MPa  
7
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)  
8
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available  
774.00 (Pa)  
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa  
15
115.00 GPa  
9
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa  
12
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa  
17
279.00 GPa  
8
Poisson Ratio
0.34  
10
0.21  
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
NA  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.89  
34
7.19  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Antiferromagnetic  
Permeability
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m  
5
Not Available  
Susceptibility
-9.63 * 10-6  
4
Not Available  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
NA  
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m  
99+
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω  
2
0.08 106/cm Ω  
25
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
64.30 kJ/mol  
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)  
15
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K  
99+
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K  
2
93.90 W/m·K  
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)  
25
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol  
33
348.80 kJ/mol  
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol  
99+
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol  
29
397.50 kJ/mol  
21
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K  
99+
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
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