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Copper vs Chromium

Copper
Chromium
Chromium vs Copper


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu   
Cr   
Group Number
11   
7
6   
12
Period Number
4   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440508   
37
7440473   
39
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)   
In Between 1797 - 1798   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-6 %   
12
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
Abundance In Sun
~0.00007 %   
12
~0.002 %   
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %   
13
0.30 %   
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
17
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
8
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
9
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
8
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.   
12
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C   
40
1,857.00 °C   
14
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C   
99+
2,672.00 °C   
39
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Copper   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
8.50   
1
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa   
38
687.00 MPa   
16
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa   
28
1,060.00 MPa   
10
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s   
19
5,940.00 m/s   
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
90.00 %   
3
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cu   
Cr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
21   
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90   
11
1.66   
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
1.66   
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75   
3
1.56   
10
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49   
14
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.85   
9
1.65   
19
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10   
99+
2.34   
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol   
22
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol   
15
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol   
15
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol   
12
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol   
11
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol   
10
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol   
9
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol   
11
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol   
13
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol   
10
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol   
12
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol   
10
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol   
11
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol   
2
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV   
11
4.50 eV   
14
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
29   
99+
24   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1   
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
29   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Neutrons
35   
99+
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
29   
99+
24   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm   
99+
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm   
99+
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm   
99+
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu   
99+
52.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol   
99+
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Nickel
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Zinc
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)   
99+
170.00 (-eV)   
4
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm   
35
291.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3   
99+
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3   
27
6.30 g/cm3   
40
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
689.00 MPa   
7
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)   
8
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
774.00 (Pa)   
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa   
15
115.00 GPa   
9
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa   
12
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa   
17
279.00 GPa   
8
Poisson Ratio
0.34   
10
0.21   
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.89   
34
7.19   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Antiferromagnetic   
Permeability
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m   
5
Not Available   
Susceptibility
-9.63 * 10-6   
4
Not Available   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
NA   
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m   
99+
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω   
2
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)   
15
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K   
99+
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K   
2
93.90 W/m·K   
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)   
25
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol   
33
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol   
99+
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol   
29
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K   
99+
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
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