Copper Chromium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu
Cr
Group Number
11
7
6
12
Period Number
4
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440508
37
7440473
39
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00
2
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
Sources
Found in Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
In Between 1797 - 1798
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-6 %
12
1.5 * 10-3 %
7
Abundance In Sun
~0.00007 %
12
~0.002 %
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %
13
0.30 %
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
17
0.01 %
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
8
0.00 %
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
9
0.00 %
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3
8
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3
12
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.
12
0.33 p.p.m.
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C
40
1,857.00 °C
14
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C
99+
2,672.00 °C
39
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Copper
Silver
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
8.50
1
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa
38
687.00 MPa
16
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa
28
1,060.00 MPa
10
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s
19
5,940.00 m/s
5
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
90.00 %
3
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cu
Cr
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
29
10
21
18
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90
11
1.66
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98
9
1.66
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75
3
1.56
10
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49
14
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.85
9
1.65
19
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10
99+
2.34
36
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol
22
26,130.00 kJ/mol
1
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol
15
28,750.00 kJ/mol
1
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol
15
34,230.00 kJ/mol
1
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol
12
37,066.00 kJ/mol
1
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol
11
97,510.00 kJ/mol
1
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol
10
105,800.00 kJ/mol
1
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol
7
114,300.00 kJ/mol
1
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol
9
125,300.00 kJ/mol
1
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol
9
134,700.00 kJ/mol
1
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol
11
144,300.00 kJ/mol
1
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol
13
26,130.00 kJ/mol
12
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol
6
28,750.00 kJ/mol
13
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol
6
34,230.00 kJ/mol
10
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol
7
37,066.00 kJ/mol
12
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol
9
97,510.00 kJ/mol
1
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol
10
105,800.00 kJ/mol
2
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol
12
114,300.00 kJ/mol
3
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol
10
125,300.00 kJ/mol
4
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol
11
134,700.00 kJ/mol
5
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol
2
144,300.00 kJ/mol
7
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol
2
157,700.00 kJ/mol
7
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol
1
166,090.00 kJ/mol
6
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr
99+
0.32 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV
11
4.50 eV
14
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
29
99+
24
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
29
99+
24
99+
Number of Neutrons
35
99+
28
99+
Number of Electrons
29
99+
24
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm
99+
128.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm
99+
139.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm
99+
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu
99+
52.00 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol
99+
7.23 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)
99+
170.00 (-eV)
4
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm
35
291.00 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3
99+
7.19 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3
27
6.30 g/cm3
40
Tensile Strength
Not Available
689.00 MPa
7
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)
8
0.00 (Pa)
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
774.00 (Pa)
1
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa
15
115.00 GPa
9
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa
12
160.00 GPa
11
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa
17
279.00 GPa
8
Poisson Ratio
0.34
10
0.21
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.89
34
7.19
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Antiferromagnetic
Permeability
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m
5
Not Available
Susceptibility
-9.63 * 10-6
4
Not Available
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
NA
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m
99+
125.00 nΩ·m
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω
2
0.08 106/cm Ω
25
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol
1
64.30 kJ/mol
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)
15
0.45 J/(kg K)
12
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K
99+
23.35 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K
2
93.90 W/m·K
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)
25
4.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol
33
348.80 kJ/mol
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol
99+
15.31 kJ/mol
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol
29
397.50 kJ/mol
21
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K
99+
23.80 J/mol.K
99+
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