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Copper Chromium Comparison

Copper
Chromium
Chromium Copper comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu  
Cr  
Group Number
11  
7
6  
12
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440508  
37
7440473  
39
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)  
In Between 1797 - 1798  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
13
0.30 %  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
17
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
8
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.  
12
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
Physical
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C  
40
1,857.00 °C  
14
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C  
99+
2,672.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Copper  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
8.50  
1
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa  
99+
687.00 MPa  
18
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa  
99+
1,060.00 MPa  
17
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
26
5,940.00 m/s  
8
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.10  
99+
2.97  
2
Reflectivity
90.00 %  
4
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cu  
Cr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
21  
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90  
12
1.66  
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
1.66  
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
4
1.56  
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49  
27
1.66  
19
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
12
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10  
99+
2.34  
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
22
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol  
15
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol  
15
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol  
21
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
17
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol  
16
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol  
9
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol  
13
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol  
27
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol  
11
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
25th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
26th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
27th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
18
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
28th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
24
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
29th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
25
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
30th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV  
16
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
29  
99+
24  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
29  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Neutrons
35  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
29  
99+
24  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu  
99+
52.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Nickel
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Zinc
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)  
99+
170.00 (-eV)  
4
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm  
39
291.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.28  
99+
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3  
99+
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3  
99+
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
210.00 MPa  
19
689.00 MPa  
7
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)  
8
0.00 (Pa)  
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
774.00 (Pa)  
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa  
15
115.00 GPa  
9
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa  
12
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa  
19
279.00 GPa  
8
Poisson Ratio
0.34  
10
0.21  
33
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.89  
99+
7.19  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Antiferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
19
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
31
0.00  
10
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m  
99+
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω  
2
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)  
15
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K  
99+
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K  
2
93.90 W/m·K  
17
Critical Temperature
1,358.00 K  
99+
1,907.00 K  
24
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)  
27
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol  
99+
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol  
99+
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol  
39
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K  
99+
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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