Chromium Copper Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr
Cu
Group Number
6
12
11
7
Period Number
4
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440473
39
7440508
37
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
229.00
1
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Unknown
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1.5 * 10-3 %
7
6 * 10-6 %
12
Abundance In Sun
~0.002 %
7
~0.00007 %
12
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %
7
0.01 %
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
13
0.01 %
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
16
0.00 %
8
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
16
0.00 %
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3
12
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3
8
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.
21
26.00 p.p.m.
12
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C
14
1,084.62 °C
40
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C
39
2,562.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Copper
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
8.50
1
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa
16
235.00 MPa
38
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa
10
343.00 MPa
28
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s
5
3,810.00 m/s
19
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
90.00 %
3
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cr
Cu
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
21
18
29
10
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66
18
1.90
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66
14
1.98
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56
10
1.75
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.49
14
Allen Electronegativity
1.65
19
1.85
9
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34
36
2.10
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol
1
745.50 kJ/mol
22
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol
1
1,957.90 kJ/mol
15
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol
1
3,555.00 kJ/mol
15
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol
1
5,536.00 kJ/mol
12
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol
1
7,700.00 kJ/mol
11
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol
1
9,900.00 kJ/mol
10
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol
1
13,400.00 kJ/mol
7
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol
1
16,000.00 kJ/mol
9
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol
1
19,200.00 kJ/mol
9
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol
1
22,400.00 kJ/mol
11
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol
12
25,600.00 kJ/mol
13
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol
13
35,600.00 kJ/mol
6
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol
10
38,700.00 kJ/mol
6
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol
12
42,000.00 kJ/mol
7
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol
1
46,700.00 kJ/mol
9
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol
2
50,200.00 kJ/mol
10
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol
3
53,700.00 kJ/mol
12
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol
4
61,100.00 kJ/mol
10
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol
5
64,702.00 kJ/mol
11
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol
7
163,700.00 kJ/mol
2
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol
7
174,100.00 kJ/mol
2
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol
6
184,900.00 kJ/mol
1
23rd Energy Level
Not Available
198,800.00 kJ/mol
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr
99+
1.19 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV
14
4.65 eV
11
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
24
99+
29
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
24
99+
29
99+
Number of Neutrons
28
99+
35
99+
Number of Electrons
24
99+
29
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm
99+
128.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm
99+
132.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
140.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu
99+
63.55 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol
99+
7.10 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)
4
34.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm
99+
361.49 pm
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3
99+
8.96 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3
40
8.02 g/cm3
27
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa
7
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
24
1.53 (Pa)
8
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)
1
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa
9
48.00 GPa
15
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa
11
140.00 GPa
12
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa
8
120.00 GPa
17
Poisson Ratio
0.21
32
0.34
10
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.19
99+
8.89
34
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
Not Available
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m
5
Susceptibility
Not Available
-9.63 * 10-6
4
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
NA
Conductor
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m
27
16.78 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω
25
0.60 106/cm Ω
2
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol
15
222.80 kJ/mol
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)
12
0.38 J/(kg K)
15
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K
99+
24.44 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K
17
401.00 W/m·K
2
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
16.50 µm/(m·K)
25
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol
24
283.70 kJ/mol
33
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol
20
7.11 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol
21
338.90 kJ/mol
29
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K
99+
33.20 J/mol.K
99+
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