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Chromium vs Copper

Chromium
Copper
Copper vs Chromium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr  
Cu  
Group Number
6  
12
11  
7
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440473  
39
7440508  
37
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
-  
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798  
In Middle East (9000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
12
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %  
7
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
13
0.01 %  
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
10
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
8
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
26.00 p.p.m.  
12
Physical
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C  
14
1,084.62 °C  
40
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C  
99+
2,562.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Copper  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
8.50  
1
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa  
18
235.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa  
17
343.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s  
8
3,810.00 m/s  
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.97  
2
1.10  
99+
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
90.00 %  
4
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cr  
Cu  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21  
18
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66  
19
1.90  
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66  
17
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56  
11
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.66  
19
1.49  
27
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
1.85  
12
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34  
36
2.10  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
745.50 kJ/mol  
22
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
1,957.90 kJ/mol  
15
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
3,555.00 kJ/mol  
15
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,536.00 kJ/mol  
21
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
17
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
9,900.00 kJ/mol  
16
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
13,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
16,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
19,200.00 kJ/mol  
9
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
22,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
25,600.00 kJ/mol  
13
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
35,600.00 kJ/mol  
27
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
38,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
42,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
46,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
53,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
61,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
64,702.00 kJ/mol  
11
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
163,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
174,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
184,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
23rd Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
198,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
24th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
25th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
26th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
27th Energy Level
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
745.50 kJ/mol  
18
28th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
745.50 kJ/mol  
24
29th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
745.50 kJ/mol  
25
30th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.19 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
4.65 eV  
16
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
24  
99+
29  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
[Ar] 3d10 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
24  
99+
29  
99+
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
35  
99+
Number of Electrons
24  
99+
29  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
132.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
140.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu  
99+
63.55 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Vanadium
  
Nickel
  
Next Element
Manganese
  
Zinc
  
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)  
4
34.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm  
99+
361.49 pm  
39
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.28  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
8.96 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
8.02 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa  
7
210.00 MPa  
19
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
26
1.53 (Pa)  
8
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)  
1
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa  
9
48.00 GPa  
15
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
140.00 GPa  
12
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa  
8
120.00 GPa  
19
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
33
0.34  
10
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.19  
99+
8.89  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
19
Susceptibility
0.00  
10
0.00  
31
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
16.78 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
0.60 106/cm Ω  
2
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
0.38 J/(kg K)  
15
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
24.44 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K  
17
401.00 W/m·K  
2
Critical Temperature
1,907.00 K  
24
1,358.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
16.50 µm/(m·K)  
27
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
283.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
7.11 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
338.90 kJ/mol  
39
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
33.20 J/mol.K  
99+
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