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Chromium vs Cadmium

Chromium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Chromium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr   
Cd   
Group Number
6   
12
12   
6
Period Number
4   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440473   
39
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.002 %   
7
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %   
7
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
13
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
16
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
16
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C   
14
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C   
39
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
8.50   
1
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa   
16
203.00 MPa   
39
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa   
10
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s   
5
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cr   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21   
18
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66   
18
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66   
14
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56   
10
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.65   
19
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34   
36
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV   
14
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
24   
99+
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
24   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
28   
99+
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
24   
99+
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm   
99+
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu   
99+
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Vanadium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Manganese
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)   
4
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm   
99+
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3   
40
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa   
7
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)   
1
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa   
9
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa   
11
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa   
8
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
32
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.19   
99+
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
NA   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K   
17
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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