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Chromium vs Cadmium

Chromium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Chromium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr  
Cd  
Group Number
6  
12
12  
6
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440473  
39
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %  
7
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
13
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C  
14
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C  
99+
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
8.50  
1
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa  
18
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa  
17
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s  
8
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.97  
2
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cr  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21  
18
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66  
19
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66  
17
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56  
11
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.66  
19
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34  
36
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
24  
99+
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
24  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
24  
99+
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu  
99+
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Vanadium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Manganese
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)  
4
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm  
99+
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa  
7
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
26
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)  
1
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa  
9
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa  
8
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
33
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.19  
99+
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
10
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K  
17
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
1,907.00 K  
24
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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