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Cadmium vs Chromium

Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
Cr  
Group Number
12  
6
6  
12
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
7440473  
39
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In 1817  
In Between 1797 - 1798  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
0.30 %  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
1,857.00 °C  
14
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
2,672.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
8.50  
1
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
687.00 MPa  
18
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
1,060.00 MPa  
17
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
5,940.00 m/s  
8
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
2.97  
2
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
Cr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
21  
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
1.66  
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
1.66  
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.56  
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
1.66  
19
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
2.34  
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
24  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
24  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
52.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
170.00 (-eV)  
4
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
291.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
689.00 MPa  
7
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
774.00 (Pa)  
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
115.00 GPa  
9
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
279.00 GPa  
8
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.21  
33
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
7.19  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Antiferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
10
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
-  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
93.90 W/m·K  
17
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
1,907.00 K  
24
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
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